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Money granted by federal gov. to the states for a broad purpose.
- Ex. transportation instead of school lunch program
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Money granted by fed gov. to the states for a narrow purpose rather than a broader one.
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A system in which each branch of gov. can limit the power of the other two.
- Ex. Prez can veto a congressional law
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Part of Constitution that gives Congress power to regulate commerce among the:
- states
- foreign nations
- Indian tribes
Granted through article 1.sec.8 of Constitution
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Part of Constitution that says Congress can do what's "necessary and proper".
- Ex. Establishent of 1st Bank of US
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Constitutional sharing of power between central and state gov.
- Diff.varieties ex. Cooperative Fed
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| system in which both fed and state gov cooperate in solving problems |
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| 85 essays written by Madison,Hamilton, and Jay w/ purpose of persuading the people of NY to adopt the Constitution |
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requirements imposed by national gov upon the states
- Some are unfunded mandates (ex.lack funding)
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Powers of the states stated in 10th amendment of the Constitution.
- Any power not granted to US gov is 'reserved' for the states
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| 1786 revolt by MA farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor of the calling of the Constitutional Convention |
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| occurs when presidential nominee picks a vice prez running mate who has diff qualities in order to attract more votes for the ticket |
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| election to chose candidates that is open for independents and allows ppl to chose candidates from all the parties |
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party election to choose candidates & is closed to independents
- Voters may not cross party lines
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| Election directly by the ppl and not by intermediary groups such as the electoral college. |
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| election in which the ppl chose candidates for office |
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diff in voting patterns for men and women
- especially tendency for women to vote for democratic candidates
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election in which office holders are chosen
- Contrast w/ primary election in which only candidates are chosen
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| campagn contributions donated directly to candidates |
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| an office holder seeking reelection |
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| ads that focus on issues and dont explicitly say to vote for a candidate |
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| election to choose candidates that is open to independents & in which voters may choose candidates from any one party |
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| sense of affiliation a person has w/ a political party |
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list of positions and programs that party adopts at the national covention.
- Each position is called a plank
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| widely shared beliefs, values and of citizens about their gov |
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more votes than anyone else but less than half
- Ex. Clinton a plurality (43%) in 1992 but not majority
- Plurality elections such as those for Congress won by ppl w/ most votes, regardless if he/she has the majority
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| capacity to understand and influence political events |
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| process in which one acquires his/her political beliefs |
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| Realigning ("critical") election |
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election in which theres is a longterm change in party alignment
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| office thats extremely likely to be won by a particular candidate or political party |
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| Single member district system |
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system in which ppl elect one rep per district.W/ a winner take all rule.
- Systemn strengthens 2 major parties and weakens minor ones
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| Campaign contributions donated to parties and not directly to candidates. |
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Historically south voted solidly democratic. However, south is now strongly Republican.
- Ex.Bush carried every southern state in 2000
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| delegate to the Demo. National Convention who's there by virtue of holding office |
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| "friend of the court". brief filed by an intrest group to influence a decision of the Supreme Court |
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| Gov in which one party controls the presidency and another controls Congress. |
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| theory that the upper class elites excercise great influence over public policy |
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| term used by Madison to denote what we now call interest groups |
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tendency of media to report an election as if it were a horse race
- Ex.who is ahead,gaining ground,behind
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| informal association of fed agency, congressional committee, and interest group said to have heavy influence in policy making |
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| act/ process of carrying out a lawsuit |
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| attempting to influence policy makers |
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| theory that policy making is result of intrest group competition |
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| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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| intrest gruop that raises funds and donates to election campaigns |
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| authority of court to hear an appeal from a lower court |
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| departments, bureaus,agencies and commissions in the executive branch of gov |
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| personal work done by a member of Congress for his constituents |
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| senate motion to end a filibuster that requires a 3/5ths vote |
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| works out a compromise b/t diff house-senate versions of a bill |
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| agreement b/t prez and another head of state that unlike a treaty doesnt need congress' consent |
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| non stop senate debate that prevents a bill from coming to a vote |
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| allows members of Congress to send mail postage free |
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| redrawing district lines to favor one party over the other |
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| senate maneauver that allows senator to stop or delay consideration of a bill or prez apointment |
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| house action that formally charges an official w/ wrongdoing. Conviction requires 2/3 vote from Senate. |
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| refusal of prez to use money appropriated by Congress |
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| court order that forbids a party from performing a certain action |
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| the Supreme Court will hear a case if four justices agree to do so |
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| authority of a court to first hear a case |
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| authority of governor (and Prez Clinton for a few years) to delete or reduce funding in a bill on a line by line basis |
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process in which Congress overtuned rules and regulations proposed by executive branch agencies.
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| Congress overlooks the executive branch to ensure that it complies with the law.aka monitoring |
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| power of the courts to review the constitutionality of laws or gov actions |
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| philosophy that courts should leave policy setting to elected lawmakers and instead focus on interpreting the law, not making it. |
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| philosophy that courts should take an active role in solving problems |
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federal benefit payments to which recipients have a legal right.aka uncontrollables
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| committee that handles tax bills |
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| Latin for 'let the decision stand'.Supreme court policy of following precedent in deciding cases |
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| permanent congressional committees that handle legislation |
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| tradition in which prez notifies senators of the state in which an appointment is to be made |
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| the 'traffic cop of the house' that sets legislative calendar and rules or debate on a bill |
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when a court stops expression b/f it is made
- Ex.prohibitng demonstration by a radical group b/c its likely to become violent. Presumed to be unconstitutional.
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| Supreme court guideline that excludes illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial |
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warnings that must be read to suspects prior to questioning.
- Ex.told the rights of silence and counsel
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Applying the Bill of RIghts to the states.
- 'total incorporation'- states must obey all parts of the bill of rights b/c of due process clause of 14th am.
- 'selective incorporation'- view that bill of rights is to be applied on a gradual manner/case by case basis to the states also via duea process clause of 14th am.
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| part of am.1 that prohibits congress from establishing an official state religion. Basis of seperation of church and state |
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segregation 'by fact'
- Ex. results from housing patterns rather than law
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| Clear and present danger doctrine |
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| judicial interpretation of am 1 that gov may not ban speech unless its dangerous/ imminent threat to society |
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personal freedoms
- Ex. religion,speech, assembly
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| protections against discrimination |
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| taxing and spending policies |
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| Fed. Reserve board's regulation of supply of money in circulation |
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| taxing and spending policies |
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