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AP Human Geography Chapter 8
Political Geography
55
Geography
9th Grade
12/01/2010

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Term
Political geography
Definition
THe study of the political organization of the world
Term
territoriality
Definition
"The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area" Robert Sack
Term
Robert Ardrey's Territorial Imperative
Definition
Human territoriality is analogous to the instinct in animals to control and defend territory.
Term
sovereignty
Definition
having the the last say, or control, over a territory -- politically and militarily.
Term
territorial integrity
Definition
the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states.
Term
Peace of Westphalia
Definition
peace negotiated in 1648 to end the 30-years war, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security.
Term
mercantilism
Definition
In a general sense associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. More specifically, a protectionist policy of European states during the 16th - 18th century that promoted a state's economic position in the contest with other countries. The acquisition of gold and silver and the maintenance of a favorable trade balance (more exports than imports) were central to the policy.
Term
state
Definition
a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government and is recognized by other states.
Term
nation
Definition
Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. Most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion and other shared cultural attributions. Such homogeneity prevails within very few states.
Term
nation-state
Definition
Theoretically, a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. Most nations and states aspire to parlance, nation-state is used as a synonym for country or state.
Term
democracy
Definition
government based on the principal that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state
Term
multinational state
Definition
state with more than one nation within its borders.
Term
multistate nation
Definition
nation that stretches across borders and across states.
Term
stateless nations
Definition
nation that does not have a state.
Term
colonialism
Definition
rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Although often established and maintained through political structures, it creates unequal cultural and economic relations. Because of the magnitude and impact of the European colonial project of the last few centuries, the term is generally understood to refer to that particular colonial endeavor.
Term
capitalism
Definition
economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit.
Term
commodification
Definition
the process through which something is given monetary value. THis occurs when a good or an idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy.
Term
core
Definition
processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology: generate more wealth than periphery process in the word economy.
Term
periphery
Definition
processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world economy.
Term
semi-periphery
Definition
places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core, but in turn exploit the periphery.
Term
ability
Definition
In the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic,and militaristic means.
Term
centripetal
Definition
forces that tend to unify a country - such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives and a common faith.
Term
centrifugal
Definition
Forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences.
Term
unitary
Definition
a nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.
Term
federal
Definition
a political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests - defense, foreign affairs, and the like - yet allows those various entities to retail their own identities and to have their own law, policies and customs in certain spheres.
Term
devolution
Definition
the process by which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government
Term
majority-minority districts
Definition
in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority of the population is from the minority.
Term
territorial representation
Definition
system wherein representative is elected from a territorially defined district.
Term
splitting
Definition
in the contxt of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the district
Term
reapportionment
Definition
process by which representative districts are switched according to the population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people
Term
gerrymandering
Definition
redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into eletoral distric to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible.
Term
boundary
Definition
vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above the surface.
Term
geometric boundaries
Definition
political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc.
Term
physical/political boundaries
Definition
political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape - such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountain range.
Term
definitional boundary disputes
Definition
they focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement.
Term
locational boundary disputes
Definition
these center on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of the boundary.
Term
operational boundary disputes
Definition
involve neighbors who differ over the way their border should function
Term
allocational boundary disputes
Definition
dispute over the allocation of natural resources
Term
Heartland theory
Definition
a geographical hypothesis proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first 2 decades of the 20th century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain significant strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast heartland to the east.
Term
supranational organization
Definition
a venture involving three or more nation states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives.
Term
WHO
Definition
World Health Organization
Term
UN
Definition
United Nations
Term
FAO
Definition
Food and Agriculture Organization
Term
UNESCO
Definition
United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Term
EEC
Definition
European Economic Community
Term
ECSC
Definition
European Coal and Steel Company
Term
OEEC
Definition
The Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
Term
EC
Definition
European Community
Term
EU
Definition
European Union
Term
NAFTA
Definition
North American Free Trade Agreement
Term
ACS
Definition
Association of Caribbean States
Term
MERCOSUR
Definition
The Southern Cone Community Market
Term
ECOWAS
Definition
The Economic Community of West African States
Term
APEC
Definition
Asia Pacific Economic Council
Term
CIS
Definition
Commonwealth of Independent States
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