Term
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Definition
| The rights of people to be treated without reasonable or unconstitutional differences. |
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Definition
| Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal. |
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Term
| Separate-but-Equal Doctrine |
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Definition
| The doctorine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Racial segregation that is required by law. |
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Term
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Definition
| Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement. |
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Term
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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Definition
| Upheld separate-but-equal facilities for a white and black people railroad. |
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Term
| Brown v Board of Education (1954) |
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Definition
| Said that separate public schools are inherently unequal, thus starting racial desegregation. |
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Term
| Green v. Country School Board of New Kent County (1968) |
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Definition
| Banned a freedom-of-choice plan for integrating schools, suggesting that blacks and whites must actually attend racially mixed schools. |
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Term
| Swann v. Charlotte-Mechlenburg Board of Education (1971) |
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Definition
| Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender discrimination can only be justified if it serves "important governmental objectives" and be "substantially related to those objectives." |
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Term
| Rostker v. Goldberg (1981) |
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Definition
| Congress can draft men without drafting women. |
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Term
| United States v. Virginia (1996) |
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Definition
| State may not finance an all-male military school. |
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Term
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Definition
| State power to effect laws promoting health, safety, and morals. |
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Term
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) |
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Definition
| Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives. |
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Term
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Definition
| State laws against abortion were unconstitutional. |
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Term
| Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) |
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Definition
| Allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable. |
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Term
| Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) |
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Definition
| Reaffirmed Roe v. Wade but upheld certain limits on its use. |
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Term
| Stenberg v. Carhart (2000) |
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Definition
| States may not ban partial birth abortions if they fail to allow an exception to protect the health of the mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| programs designed to increase minority participation in some institution (business, schools, labor unions, or governmental agencies) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members. |
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Definition
| Making certain that people achieve the same result. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving people an equal chance to succeed. |
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Term
| United Steelworkers v. Weber (1979) |
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Definition
| Despite the ban on racial classifications in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, this case upheld the use of race in an employment agreement between the steelworkers union and steel plant. |
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Term
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) |
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Definition
| In a confused set of rival opinions, the decisive vote was cast by Justice Powell, who said that a quotalike ban on Bakke's admission was unconstatutional but that "diversity" was a legitimate goal that could be pursued by taking race into account. |
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Term
| Richmond v. Croson (1989) |
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Definition
| Affirmative action plans must be judged by the strict scrutiny standard that requires any race-conscious plan to be narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest. |
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Term
| Gutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) |
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Definition
| Numerical benefits cannot be used to admit minorities into a college, but race can be a "plus factor" in making those decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| State law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners. |
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Term
| Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) |
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Definition
| A private organization may ban gays from its membership. |
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