Term
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Definition
| A human right based on nature or God. |
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Term
| Articles of confederation |
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Definition
| A week constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. |
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Term
| Constitutional Convention |
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Definition
| Meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1787 rebellion which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposal to create a strong national government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposal to create a week national government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plan to have a popularly elected house based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A government in which elected representatives make the decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. |
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Term
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Definition
| Government authority shared by national and state government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Authority shared by three branches of government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powers given to the national government alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powers given to the state government alone |
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Term
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Definition
| powers shared by national and state government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Constitutional authority is shared by three branches of government. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group with distinct political interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who favor stronger national government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who favor a weaker national government |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An order to produce an arrested person before a judge |
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Term
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Definition
| A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| A law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed. |
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Term
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Definition
| First ten amendments to the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states. |
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Term
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Definition
| An executives ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature. |
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Term
amendment XIV
(ratified in 1868) |
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Definition
-people naturalized or born in the United States, are citizens of the Untied States, and the State inwhich they reside.
-reduction in congressional reprsentation for states denying adult males the right to vote.
-no one that was in Congressional, Military, or Executive office my take oath again, if in rebellion with the United States.
-rebel debts shall not be questioned, but the United States, nor any Union state shall assume the position to repay the debt owed to the Union by rebellious states.
-Congress has the right to enforce this amendment. |
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Term
amendment XIII
(ratified in 1865 |
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Definition
-slavery is not allowed in the United States, unless it is punishment for a crime, that you have be convicted of.
-Congress has the power to enforce this article. |
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Term
amendment XII
(ratified in 1804) |
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Definition
-electors for each state shall meet and vote by ballot for Presidentand Vice President, that is not from the same state.
-the President of the Senate shall be entitled to count each vote in front of the House and Senate. |
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Term
amendment XI
(ratified in 1795) |
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Definition
| limits suits against states. |
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Term
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Definition
| powers not underlined in the United States Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are for the state to decide. |
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Term
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Definition
| unenumerated rights are protected. |
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Term
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Definition
-excessive bail shall not be required.
-excessive fines imposed.
-no cruel or unusual punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| common law suits that exceed $20.00 have the right of trial by jury. |
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Term
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Definition
| right to a speedy and public trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| no one shall be held to answer for a horrible crime, unless in front of a Grand Jury, or in the cases of the Army. |
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Term
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Definition
| no warrent for search and seizure with out reasonable cause |
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Term
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Definition
| no solider shall in a time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner. |
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Term
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Definition
| right for people to keep and bear arms. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Congress can not pass a law restricting religion, speech, press, peaceful assembly, and government petition |
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Term
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Definition
-2/3 House proposes amendments
or 2/3 Senate calls to propose amendments
-must be ratified by 3/4 states, or 3/4 of Legislature
-No State can be deprived suffrage in the Senate |
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Term
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Definition
-every citizen is given the priviliges and immunities of citizens in the state.
-if convicetd of a crime in one state, and fled to another and caught, you are tried in the state of conviction.
-new states are allowed, but must be admitted through Congress.
-each state is administerd protection against domestic violence. |
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Term
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Definition
-Supreme Court.
-judge and interpret the Consititution, and all acts aginst it, deciding if they are unconstitutional, or not. |
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Term
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Definition
-President
-4 year terms.
-states use electorl college to vote for president((electors equal to house and senate)).
-American Born.
-35 years old.
-live in States 14 years total.
-Compensation for job.
-take an Oath.
-Commander and Cheif.
-pardons.
-make treaties but recive 2/3 Senate vote.
-fill up Senate and House Vacancies.
-give Congress information on State of the Union.
-Impeachment for treason/bribery/etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of House and Senate.
House of Representitives
-House reps. chosen every 2 years, must be 25 years old, been resident 7 years in state.
-1 Rep. for every 30,000 people.
Senate
-2 from each state.
-6 year term,each have 1 vote.
-30 years old, live in state 9 years.
-Power to try Impeachment.
Legislature
-assemble the first monday in December.
-all Bills originate in the House, the Senate may amend the Bills.
-power to lay/collect Taxes.
-borrow money.
-regulate trade.
-coin money.
-restrict power of states. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Freedom of Religion, Press, Expression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Status of Income Tax Clarified |
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Term
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Definition
| Senators Elected by Popular Vote |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Presidential, Congressional Terms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Presidential Vote for District of Columbia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Presidential Disability and Succession |
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Term
| Amendment 26 - Voting Age Set to 18 Years |
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Definition
| Amendment 26 - Voting Age Set to 18 Years |
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Term
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Definition
| Limiting Congressional Pay Increases |
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Term
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Definition
| The effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states. |
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Term
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Definition
| Money from the national government that the states can spend within broad guidelines determined by Washington |
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Term
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Definition
| supreme or ultimate political authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Sovereignty that is wholly in the hands of the national government,so that the states and localities are dependent on its will. |
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Term
| Confederation or confederal system |
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Definition
| the states are sovereign and the national government is allowed to do only that which the states permit. |
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Term
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Definition
| one in which sovereignty is shared in some matters the national government is supreme and in other matters the states are supreme; capable of over ruling other governmental decisions |
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Term
| "necessary and proper" clasue |
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Definition
| Section of the Constitution allowing congress to pass all laws "unnecessary and proper"" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The doctrine that the state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the states opinion, violates the constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept seperate |
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Term
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Definition
| State power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office |
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Term
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Definition
| Money given by the national government to the states |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal sharing of fixed percentage of its revenue with the states |
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Term
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Definition
| Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds |
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Term
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Definition
| Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants |
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Term
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Definition
| the willingness of the state to respond to the citizenry. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to understand and take part in politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that you can take parts in politics (internal efficacy) or that the government will respond to the citizenry (external efficacy) |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religon. |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that morality and religion ought to be of decisive importance. |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that one can affect government policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a coherent way of thinking about how politics and government ought to be carried out. |
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Term
| United States v. Leon (1984) |
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Definition
| Illegally obtianed evidence may be used in a trial if it was gathered in good faith without violating the principles of the Mapp decision. |
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Term
| Rasul v. Bush, 03-334 (2004) |
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Definition
| Terrorist detainees must have access to a neutral court to decide if they are legally held. |
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Term
| Miranda v. Arizona, 324 U.S. 436 (1966) |
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Definition
| Court described ruling that police must give to arrested persons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence illegally gathered by police my not be used in a criminal trial. |
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Term
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1964) |
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Definition
| Persons charged with a crime have the right to an attory even if they cannot afford one. |
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Term
| Dickerson v. United States (2000) |
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Definition
| The Mapp decision is based on the Constitution and it cannot be altered by Congress passing a law. |
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Term
| Zourauch v. Clauson (1952) |
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Definition
| States may allows students to be released from public schools to attend religious instruction. |
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Term
| Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2000) |
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Definition
| Voucher plan to pay school bills is upheld. |
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Term
| Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000) |
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Definition
| Students may not lead prayers before the start of a football game at a public school. |
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Term
| Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971) |
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Definition
| Three tests are described for deciding whether the government is improperly involved with religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Public schools may not hav clergy lead prayers at graduation ceremonies. |
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Term
| Everson v. Board of Education (1947) |
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Definition
| The wall-of-seperation is annonunced. |
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Term
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Definition
| There may not be prayer, even a nondenominational one, in public schools. |
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Term
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Definition
| There may not be a law to ban flag-burning. |
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Term
| Shenck v. United States (1919) |
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Definition
| Speech may be punished if it creates a clear-and-present-danger test of illegal acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A law that bans sending "indecent" material to minor over the internet is unconstitutional because "indecent" is too vague and broad a term. |
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Term
| New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) |
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Definition
| To libel a public figure, there must be "actual malice". |
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Term
| Miller v. California (1973) |
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Definition
| Obscenity is defined as appealing to prurient interests of an average person with materials that lack literacy, artistic, political, or scientific value. |
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Term
| McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (2003) |
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Definition
| Upholds 2002 campaign finance reform law. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Nazi Party may march through a largely Jewish neighborhood. |
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Term
| Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) |
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Definition
| "Fighting words" are not protected by the First Amendement. |
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Term
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Definition
| if it is necessary to restrict the exercise of another, the restriction should employ the least-restrictive means to achive its end. |
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Term
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Definition
if you obtain a permit to hold a parade, the law must set forth clear (as well a neutral) standards to guide administrators in issuing a permit.
if you obtain a permit to hold a parade, the law must set forth clear (as well a neutral) standards to guide administrators in issuing a permit.
if you obtain a permit to hold a parade, the law must set forth clear (as well a neutral) standards to guide administrators in issuing a permit.
if you obtain a permit to hold a parade, the law must set forth clear (as well a neutral) standards to guide administrators in issuing a permit. |
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Term
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Definition
| any restriction on speech, such as a requirement that parades or demonstrations not disrupt other people in the exercise of their rights, must be neutral. |
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Term
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Definition
| Punishment for uttering inflammatory sentiments will be allowed only if there is an imminent danger that utterances will incite an unlawful act. |
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Term
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Definition
| with scarcely any exceptions, the Court will not tolerate a prior restraint on expression, such as censorship, even when it will allow subsequent punishment of improper expressions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the right to free expression though not absolute, occupies a higher, or more preferred, position that many other constitutional rights, such as property rights. |
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Term
| 4 forms of speaking that are not automatically granted full constitiutional protection: |
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Definition
| libel, obscenity, symbolic speech, and false advertising. |
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Term
| Palko v. Connecticut (1937) |
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Definition
| Supreme Court says that states must observe all "fundamental" liberties. |
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Term
| Gitlow v. New York (1925) |
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Definition
| Supreme Court says the Frist Amendment applies to states. |
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Term
| Smith Act (1940), Internal Security Act (1950), Communist Control Act (1954) |
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Definition
-illegal to advocate the overthrow the American government by force or violence (Smith Act),
-required members of the Communist Party to register with the government (Interal Security),
-and declared the Communist Party to be part of a conspiracy to overthrow the government (Communist Control Act). |
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Term
| the Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917-1918) |
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Definition
| making it a crime to utter false statements that would interfere with the American military. |
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Term
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Definition
| making it a crime to write, utter, or publish "any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" with the intention of defaming the president, Congress or the Government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Denies the government the right, without due process to deprive people of life, liberty, and property. |
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Term
| equal protection of the law |
|
Definition
| A standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government |
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Term
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Definition
| Court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states |
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Term
|
Definition
| Right of people to speak, publish, and assemble |
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Term
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Definition
| People shall be set free to exercise their religion, and government may not establish a religion |
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Term
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Definition
| Censorship of a publication |
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Term
| Clear-And-Present-Danger Test |
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Definition
| Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Writing that falsely injures another person |
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Term
|
Definition
| An act that conveys a political message |
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Term
|
Definition
| First Amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion |
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Term
|
Definition
| First Amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion" |
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Term
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Definition
| Court Ruling that government cannot be involved with religion |
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Term
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Definition
| Improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial |
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Term
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Definition
| A judge's order authorizing a search |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion |
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Term
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Definition
| n error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial |
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Term
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Definition
| giving people and equal chance to succeed. |
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Term
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Definition
| using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people. |
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Term
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Definition
| making certian that people achieve the same result. |
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Term
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Definition
| programs designed to increase minority participation in some institution (businesses, schools, labor unions, or government agencies) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members. |
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Term
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Definition
| state power to effect laws prooting health, safety, and morals. |
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Term
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Definition
| opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, btu as a result of paterns of residential settlement. |
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Term
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Definition
| racial segregation that is required by law. |
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Term
| separate-but-equal doctrine |
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Definition
| the doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in seperate but equal facilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| a Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling intrest and is not narrowly tailored to achive that goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| classification of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity |
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Term
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Definition
| the rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender discrimination can only be justifies if it serves " important governmental objectives" and be " substancialy related to those objectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congress can draft men without drafting women. |
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Term
| United States v. Virginia |
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Definition
| State may not finance an all-male military school. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives. |
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Term
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Definition
| State laws against abortion were unconstitutional. |
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Term
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Definition
| States may not ban partial birth abortions they fail to allow exceptions to protect the health of the mother. |
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Term
| United Steelworkers v. Weber |
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Definition
| race in an employment agreement between the steelworkers union and steel plant |
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Term
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke |
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Definition
| In a confused set of rival opinions, the decisive vote was cast by Justice Powell, who said that a quotalike ban on Bakke's admission was unconstitutional but that "diversity" was legitimate goal that could be pursued by taking race into account. |
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Term
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Definition
| State law may not ban same-sexual relationships |
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Term
| Richmond v. Croson said what |
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Definition
| Affirmative action plans must be judged by strict scrutiny standard that requires any race-conscious plan to be narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest |
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Term
| Green v. County School Board of New Kent COunty |
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Definition
| Banned a freedom of choice plan for intergrating schools, suggesting that blacks and whites must actually attend racially mixed schools |
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Term
| Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education |
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Definition
| Apporved busing and redrawling district lines as ways of intergrating public schools |
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Term
|
Definition
| A survey of public opinion |
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Term
|
Definition
| How people think or feel about particular things |
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Term
|
Definition
| Polls based on interviews conducted on Election Day with randomly selected voters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the results of two random samples taken at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which background traits influences one's political views. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who have a disproportionate amount of some valued resource. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Difference in political views between men and women. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Persons with disproportionate share of political power. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A standard of right or proper conduct. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who tend to praticipate in all forms of politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| a government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pratice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet regsteration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a requirement that citizens pay a tax in orfer to register to vote. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a requirement that citizens pass a literacy test in order to register to vote. |
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Term
|
Definition
| people who are registered to vote. |
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Term
|
Definition
| citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement |
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Term
|
Definition
| People who vote but do little else;They tend ,not to have much schooling and income and are older. |
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Term
|
Definition
| They vote and like to get involved in involved in campaign activities. they are better educated then the average voter and are interested in political struggles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| They are like the campaigner but do not like getting involved in the struggles and tension of politics. |
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Term
|
Definition
they don't really get involved in anything
but they will call local officials about, often about personal matters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parties that are created by a split in a major party, usually over the identity and philosophy of the major party's presidential candidate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parties, usually based in a particular region, epsically involving farmers, that protest against depressed economic condition. These tend to disappear as conditions improve. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Parties seeking a single policy, usually revealed by their names, and avoiding other issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parties professing a comperhensive view of American society and government that is radically different from that established parties. Most have been Marxist in outlook, but some are quite the opposite such as the Libertarian party. |
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Term
| First presidential nominee to make an acceptance speech at the party convention |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Only person nominated four times by a major political party |
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Definition
| Franklin D. Roosevelt, by Democrates in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944 |
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Term
| First Catholic nominated for president by a major party |
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Definition
| Al Smith, by Democrates in 1928 |
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Term
| Closest vote in convention history |
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Definition
| 543 3/20 to 542 7/20, defeating a motion to condemn the Ku Klux Klan at 1924 Democratic convention |
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Term
| Most ballots needed to choose a presidential nominee |
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Definition
| 103, by Democrates in 1924 to select John W. Davis |
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Term
| First year in which woment attended conventions as delegates |
|
Definition
| 1900(one woman at both Democratic and Republican conventions) |
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Term
| First African American to recieve a vote at a national party convention |
|
Definition
| Frederick Douglass, at Republican convention in 1888 |
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Term
| First-time incumbent governors were nominated for president |
|
Definition
Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, by Republicans in 1876
Samuel J. Tilden of New York, by Democrats in 1876 |
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Term
| First national political convention |
|
Definition
| Anti-Masonic party, 1831, in Baltimore. |
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Term
| 1980 Hunt Commission (rules) |
|
Definition
- Equal division of delegates between men and women.
- Establisment of "goals" for the representation of African Americans, Hispanics, and other groups in proportion to their presence in a states's Democratic electorate.
- Open delegate selection procedure, with advance publicity and written rules.
- Selection of 75% of the delegates at the level of the congressional district or lower.
- No "unit rule" that would require all delegates to vote with the majority of their state delegation.
- Restrictions on the number of party leaders adn elected officals who could vote at the convention.
- A requirement that all delegates pledged to a condidate vote for that candidate. |
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Term
Democrates(creation)
(1796-2000) |
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Definition
| (1796) Democratic-Republicans, (1824) Democrates, (1860) Democrates/Southern Democrates/Constitutional Unionists, (1864) Democrates, (1896) National Democrats/Bryan Democrates, (1900) Democrats, (1948) Henry Wallace Progressives/States' Rights Democrats, (1952) Democrates, (1964) George Wallace Democrates/Democrates, (1968) Democrates. |
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Term
Republicans (creation)
(1796-2000) |
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Definition
| (1796)Federalists, (1824) National Republicans, (1836) Whigs, (1852)Republicans/Whigs (split), (1856) Republicans, (1912) Republicans/Bull Moose Progressives (split), (1916) Republicans. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office. |
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Term
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Definition
| Republican party faction of the 1890's to the 1920's, composed of reformers who opposed patronage |
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Term
| Critical or realignment period |
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Definition
| Periods when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of voting for candidates in more than one party for different positions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voting for candidates of the same party for multiple positions |
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Term
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Definition
| A ballot listing all candidates of a given office under the name of that office; also called a "Massachusetts" ballot |
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Term
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Definition
| a ballot listing all candidates of a given party under the name if that party; also called an "Indiana" ballot. |
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Term
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Definition
| a meeting of party delegates held every four years |
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Term
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Definition
| delegates who run party affairs between national conventions |
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Term
| congressional campaign committee |
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Definition
| A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members and would-be members |
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Term
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Definition
| Day-to-day party manager elected by the national committee |
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Term
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Definition
| party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A party that values principle stands on issues above all else. |
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Term
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Definition
| The social rewards that lead people to join political organizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A local or state political party that is largely supported by another organization in the committee |
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Term
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Definition
| The political support provided to a candidate on the basis of popularity and networks. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elecions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meeting of party members to select delegates backing one or another primary candidate. |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, kansas (1954) |
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Definition
| it was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring that state laws which established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, this victory paved the way for integration and the Civil Rights Movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| It was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that retreated from the Court's political question doctrine, deciding that reapportionment issues (attempts to change the way voting districts are delineated) present justiciable questions, thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide reapportionment cases. The defendants unsuccessfully argued that reapportionment of legislative districts is a "political question," and hence not a question that may be resolved by federal courts. |
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Term
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) |
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Definition
| It was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on affirmative action. It bars quota systems in college admissions but affirms the constitutionality of affirmative action programs giving equal access to minorities. |
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Term
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Definition
| It was a landmark case in the area of U.S. criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" may not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts. |
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Term
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) |
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Definition
| Is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution to provide lawyers in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys. |
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Term
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) |
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Definition
| It was a landmark 5-4 decision of the United States Supreme Court which was argued February 28–March 1, 1966 and decided June 13, 1966. The Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. The Miranda warning required by the Supreme Court in this case is an example of a prophylactic rule formulated by the judiciary in order to protect a constitutional right. |
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Term
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Definition
| series, or log, of disccusions items on a page of the world wide web. |
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Term
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Definition
| A radio or movie clip of someone speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| An FCC rule that if a brodcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates |
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Term
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Definition
| Infromation leaked to the media to test public reaction to a possible policy |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that imply a value judgment, used to persuade the reader without having made a serious argument. |
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Term
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Definition
| Media stories about events that are regularly covered by reporters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Media stories about events that, though public, are not regularly covered by reporters |
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Term
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Definition
| Media stories about events that are not usually made public. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paying attention only to those news stories with witch one already agrees. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of the national media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A public official's statement to a reporter that is given on condition that the official not be named |
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Term
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Definition
all secrets become public knowledge. THe more important the secret, the sooner it becomes known.
-all stories written about me are inaccurate; all stories written about you are entirely accurate.
-the rosier the news, the higher ranking the official who announces it.
-always release bad news on Saturday night. Fewer people notice.
-never argue with a person that buys ink by the barrel. |
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Term
| Miami Herald v. Tornillo (1974) |
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Definition
| a newspaper cannont be required to give someone to reply to one of its stories. |
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Term
| New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) |
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Definition
| public officals may not win a libel suit unless they can prove that the statement was made knowing it to be false or with reckless disreguard of its truth. |
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Term
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Definition
| freedom of the press applies to state governments, so that they cannot impose proir restraint on newspapers. |
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Term
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Definition
| once the scorekeeper watches you, they then basically watch your every move. |
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Term
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Definition
| national media can keep track of and help make political reputations. |
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Term
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Definition
| role of the national government, which can influence what subjects become national political issues and for how long. |
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