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| the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
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| Government authority shared by national and state governments |
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| powers given to the national government alone |
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| powers given to the state government alone |
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| Those who favor a stronger national government |
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| a law that declares a person, without a trial, guilty of a crime |
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| a law that makes an act criminal although act was legal when it was committed |
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| power of the president to block only a particular provision in a bill (declared unconstitutional) |
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| the effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal governments to the states |
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| money from the national government that states can spend within i broad guidelines determined by Washington |
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| state power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals |
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| process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot |
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| procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislator |
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| money given by the national government to the states |
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| federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport |
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| Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states |
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| terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds |
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| terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal funds |
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| a coherent way of thinking about how politics and government ought to be carried out |
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| the belief that one has the ability to affect political change |
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| the belief that you can take part in politics |
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| the belief that the government will respond to the citizenry |
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| court cases that apply to the Bill of Rights to states (14th Amendment) |
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| censorship of a publication |
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| Clear-and-Present-Danger-Test |
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| speech can only be censored if it results in clear and present danger |
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| First Amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion |
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| government cannot adopt an official religion |
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| improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial |
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| classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity |
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| a Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal |
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| racial segregation that is required by law |
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| racial segregation that occurs as a result of patterns of settlement |
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| polls based on interviews conducted on Election Day with randomly selected voters |
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| process by which background traits influence political views |
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| measures used to disenfranchise blacks |
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| literacy tests, grandfather clauses, white primaries, poll taxes |
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| when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties |
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| voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election |
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| party manager elected by the national committee |
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| Congressional Campaign Committee |
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| a party committee in Congress that provides funds to members and would-be members |
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| delegates who manage party affairs between national conventions |
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| social rewards of political participation |
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| winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if (s)he doesn't secure a majority |
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| the alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better known candidate |
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| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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| a committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations |
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| drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population |
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| drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in unusual shapes to favor one party |
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| an increase in the votes congressional candidates usually receive when they first run for reelection |
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| benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle |
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| senator who helps the minority / majority leader stay informed about the thoughts of party members |
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| permanently appointed committees that are concerned with a specific legislative area |
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| committees with both senators and representatives |
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| appointed to resolve legislative differences between the house and the senate |
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| committees appointed to address a certain issue for a limited period of time |
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| a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties |
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| a second primary elction held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary |
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| a primary elction in which voting is limited to already registered party members |
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| a primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place |
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| spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that helps a candidate but is independent of them |
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| a political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers |
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| a public official's statement to a reporter that is given on condition that the official not be named |
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| a legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern |
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| a legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters |
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| an expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters |
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| an expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and Senate, but not the president |
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| a formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of Congress and by the president |
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| a congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees (helps expedite the committee process) |
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| requires 16 senators, used to prevent filibusters |
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| keeps the Senate moving during a filibuster so that other matters can be settled |
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| several of the presidents aides report directly to him |
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| several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report directly to the president on different matters |
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| a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourned |
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| alliance between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group |
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| Authorization Legistlation |
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| legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency |
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| a legislative grant of money to finance a government program or agency |
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| the ability of a congressional committee to review and approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law |
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| funds for government programs that are collected and spent outside the regular government budget |
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| federal court authorized by Article III of the Constitution that keeps judges in office during good behavior and freezes their salaries (Supreme Court and congressional appellate / district courts) |
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| the lowest federal courts and only courts where federal trials can be held |
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| courts created by congress for specialized purposes whose judges do not enjoy the protections of Article III |
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| cases concerning the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties |
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| cases involving citizens of different states who can bring suit in federal courts |
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| poor people can have their cases heard in federal court without charge |
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| a rule that allows a plaintiff to recover costs from the defendant if the plaintiff wins |
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| the rule that a citizen cannot sue the government without the government's consent |
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| a brive submitted by a "friend of the court" |
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| a brief, unsigned court opinion |
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| allowing prior rulings to influence current cases |
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| an issue the Supreme Court will allow the executive and legislative branches to decide |
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| a judicial order to correct an issue |
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| everyone pays, a small group benefits |
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| activists in or out of government who pull together a political majority on behalf of unorganized interests |
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| rules governing commercial activities designed to improve consumer, worker, or environmental conditions |
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| total deficit since the Washington Administration |
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| the believe that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; government should only regulate amount of money in circulation |
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| government manages money with spending |
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| the belief that lower taxes and fewer regulations will stimulate the economy |
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| managing the economy by altering the money supply and interest rates |
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| claims for government funds that cannot be changed without violating the rights of the claimant |
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| four federal laws passed in the 1990s specifying the conditions under which nonprofit religious organizations could compete to administer certain social service delivery and welfare programs |
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| a self-financing government program based on contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons |
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| a government program financed by general income taxes that provides benefits to the poor without requiring contributions from them |
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| an income qualification program that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs |
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| a provision of a 1975 law that entitles working families with children to receive money from the government if their total income is below a certain level |
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| provides the poor with education and job training |
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| establishes judicial review and the power of the Supreme Court |
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| establishes the supremacy of the national government |
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| Congress has power over commercial activity |
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| exclusionary rule: illegal evidence can not be used in court |
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| speech is limited when it results in clear and present danger |
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| 1st Amendment protects newspapers from prior restraint |
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| parts of the Bill of Rights which are implicitly or explicitly necesary for liberty |
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| allowed internment of Japanese citizens |
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| declared school segregation unconstitutional and ordered schools to be desegregated |
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| obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment |
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| re-enforces exclusionary rule |
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| no state sponsored prayer in schools |
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| legislative districts must be as equal as possible in population |
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| no devotional Bible reading in schools |
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| states must provide lawyers to those who are unable to afford them |
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| House districts must be as near to population as possible |
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| statements are only libelous if they are made with malice and disregard for the truth |
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| right to privacy, precedent for Roe v. Wade |
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| Miranda warnings established, must be read before questioning |
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| 3-part test to see if establishment clause is broken: nonsecular purpose, advances / inhibits religion, excessive government entanglement |
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| obscenity= prurient interest, lacking in value, patently offensive |
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| President can't pardon himself |
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| campaign spending is speech, only contributions can be regulated. PACs can now spend as much as they want as long as they aren't affiliated with the campaign |
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| death penalty is constitutional, not cruel and unusual |
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| strict racial quotas are unconstitutional |
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| strikes down a law banning flag burning |
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| Planned Parenthood v. Casey |
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| states can regulate abortion but not prevent women from having access to it |
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| public money can be used to send disadvantaged children to religious private schools |
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| overturns ban on virtual child pornography |
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| struck down use of "bonus points" based on race (during college admission process), but allows race to be a factor |
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