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| broad program grant given more or less automaticall to states and communities, which exercise discretion in how the money in spent |
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| grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending |
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| where state and the national government responsibilities are mingled and blurred like a marble cake; powers and policies are shared |
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| where states and the national governemtn each remain supreme within thier own spheres of power, much like a layer cake |
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| the statement in the Constitution which says that Congress has the power to make all laws necessart and proper for carrying out its duties |
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| powers of Congress found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution |
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| the Constitution requires each state to return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisionment |
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| a system of shared power between two or more levels of government |
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| Article IV of the Constitution requires states to provide resiprocity toward other states' public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings |
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| the 1824 Supreme Court cast which futher expanded Cognress power to regulate interstate and international commerce by definfing commerce very broadly to incorporate every form of commercial activity |
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| powers beyond congress enumerated powers which endure that it can carry out its duties |
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| the 1819 Supreme Court case, which established the supremacy of the national government over the states, included both enumerated and implied powers of Congress |
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| categorical grants awarded on the basis of competitive applications |
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| Article VI of the Constitution states that the supreme law of the land is the Constitution, the laws of the national goverment, and treaties |
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| specifies that powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the state government or the people |
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