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| one of three key consequences of electoral campaigns for voters, in which the voter is activated to contribute money or ring doorbells instead of just voting. |
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| that part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join. |
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| administrative discretion |
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| the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. |
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| a policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group |
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| Americans with disabilities act of 1990 |
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| a law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment |
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| legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. These briefs attempt to influence a court's decision. |
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| opponents of the american constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption. They argued that the constitution was a class-based document, that it would erode fundamental liberties, and that it would weaken the power of the states. |
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| a policy designed to ensure competition and prevent monopoly, which is the control of a market by one company |
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| the jurisdiction of the courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts. These courts do not review the factual record, only the legal issues involved. |
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| an act of congress that actually funds programs within limits established by authorization bills. appropriations usually cover one year. |
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| articles of confederation |
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| the first constitution of the united states, adopted by congress in 1777 and enacted in 1781. The Articles of confederation established a national legislature, the continental congress, but most authority rested with the state legislatures |
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| an act of congress that establishes, continues, or changes a discretionary government program or an entitlement. It specifies program goals and maximum expenditures for discretionary programs. |
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| the ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned from exports. When more is imported than exported, there is a balance-of-trade deficit. |
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| the 1833 supreme court decision holding that the bill of rights restrained only the national government, not the states and the cities. Almost a century later, the Court first ruled in Gitlow v. New York that state governments must respect some First Amendment rights. |
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| a legislature divided into two houses. The US Congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska's are bicameral. |
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| A proposed law, drafted in precise, legal language. Anyone can draft a bill, but only a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate can formally submit a bill for consideration. |
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| The first 10 Amendments to the US Constitution, dratfed in response to some of the Anti-Federalist concerns. These amendments define such basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, and press, and offer protections against arbitrary searches by the police and being held without talking to a lawyer. |
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| elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties. Voters can then select some democrats and some republicans if they like. |
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| federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. |
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| brown v board of education |
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| the 1954 supreme court decision holding that school segregation in Topeka, Kansas, was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection. This case marked the end of legal segregation in the US |
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| a policy document allocating burdens (taxes) and benefits (expenditures) |
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