Term
| court that makes decisions that forge new ground such as Roe v Wade or Brown v Board of Education and establish precedent that often result in some form of legislative action. |
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Definition
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Term
| power of the Senate regarding presidential appointments. |
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Definition
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Term
| programs for minorities supported by government as a means of providing equality under the law. |
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Definition
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Term
| in 2010, President Obama signed into law his signature initiative, the Affordable Care Act. The law was passed only by Democratic votes; the Republicans who opposed it referred to it as "Obamacare." The law provides that all Americans will have access to affordable health insurance |
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Definition
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| policy goals typically set by political parties |
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Definition
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| phrase coined by former Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill (speaker 1977-1987) and refers to how the behavior of congressmen and women on the local level was the determining factor of the way voters perceived their representatives. |
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Definition
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Term
| act that required employers, schools, and public building to reasonably accommodate the physical needs of handicapped individuals by providing such things as ramps and elevators with appropriate facilities. |
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Definition
| Americans with Disabilities act (1991) |
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Term
| "friend of the court"; briefs that m;ay be sent to support the position of one side or the other. |
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Definition
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Term
| led by Thomas Jefferson, one of the first political parties urging the rejection of the Constitution. Its members were farmers and represented the interest of the common people. |
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Definition
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Term
| courts that have the right to review cases from lower courts on appeal. The highest federal court, the Supreme Court, is the final court of appeal. |
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Definition
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Term
| determination of legislative district boundaries as a result of population changes measured every 10 years by the census. |
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Definition
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Term
| congressional legislation that has spending as a basic characteristic. There are 13 appropriation bills that make up the federal budget. |
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Definition
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Term
| agreements reached by countries with the aim of reducing the proliferation of military weapons such as the Antiballistic Missile Treaty (1972s), the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972), the second Strtegic Arms Limitation Treat (1979), the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987), the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1991), and the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1993) |
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Definition
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Term
| court hearing where a person accused of a crime is formally charged. |
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Definition
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| the first adopted written constitution of the newly independent United States. Because of its weakness, the period of time (1781-1789) became known as the critical period. |
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Definition
| Articles of Confederation |
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Term
| case that established the principle of one man, one vote. This decision created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state. |
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Definition
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Term
| public policy that advocates that the federal budget spend as much money as it receives. Attempt made to pass a constitutional amendment mandating this policy failed. |
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Definition
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Term
| also called "swing states," refers to those states in a presidential election, such as Florida, Missouri, and Ohio, that are closely contested. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the constitutional prohibition of the legislature determining a judicial outcome without a trial |
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Definition
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| adopted in 1791 by the states two years after the ratification of the Constitution, it established the basis of civil liberties for Americans. |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to two political parties working together to reach a common policy goal. |
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Definition
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Term
| also known as the McCain-Feingold Act, it banned soft money donations by individuals to presidential candidates and set aggregate limits for individuals contributing to individual candidates. |
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Definition
| Bipartisan Campaign Act of 2002 |
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Term
| a form of fiscal federalism where federal aid is given to the states with few strings attached. |
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Definition
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Term
| a friend of the court opinion offered by Louis Brandeis, in the Supreme Court case Muller v Oregon (1908), which spoke about inherent differences between men and women in the workplace. |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept lsegislative proposals. |
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Definition
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Term
| large administrative agencies reflecting a hierarchical authority, job specialization, and rules and regulations that drive them. |
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Definition
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Term
| Supreme Court ruled that the Florida recount held after the 2000 presidential election between Republican Governor George W. Bush and Vice President Al Gore violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which resulted in Bush winning Florida's electoral votes and the presidential election. |
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Definition
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Term
| part of the "unwritten Constitution," it was first established by George Washington and includes federal departments such as state, defense, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| also known as constituent service, a congressman or woman provides different services such as helping an immigrant get a green card to people who reside in the district or state that elected the representative. |
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Definition
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Term
| include project and formula grants and aim at assisting the states in areas such as health, income security, and education. |
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Definition
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Term
| party regulars meeting in small groups asking questions, discussing qualifications regarding the candidate, and voting on whether to endorse a particular candidate. The Iowa caucus has taken on almost as much importance as the New Hampshire primary because of its timing. |
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Definition
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Term
| official count of the population of a district, state, or nation, which includes recording of statistics such as age, sex, occupation, and property ownership. |
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Definition
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Term
| a key aspect of the Constitution of the United States protecting the balance of power among the three branches of government. The concept was first promoted by James Madison in the Federalist Papers. |
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Definition
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Term
| used to describe the president. Powers found in Article II of the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that corporations and other independent groups have the right to raise unlimited campaign funds that could be used in political campaigns for and against candidates because the funds were equated as free speech. |
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Definition
| Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (2010) |
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Term
| those rights of the people that are protected by the Bill of Rights. |
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Definition
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Term
| the application of equal protection under the law to individuals. |
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Definition
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Term
| act that prohibited the use of any registration requirement that resulted in discrimination and paved the way for the involvement of the federal government to enforce the law. |
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Definition
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Term
| law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry. |
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Definition
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Term
| passed in 1987, this law established safe drinking standards and creates penalties for water polluters. |
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Definition
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Term
| established in Schenck v United States (1919), it gives the government the right to censor free speech if, during national emergencies such as war, it can be proven that the result of the speech will significantly hurt national security. |
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Definition
| Clear and Present Danger Doctrine |
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Term
| bans amendments to a bill once the bill reaches the House floor. |
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Definition
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Term
| the process in which it takes 60 senators to cut off a filibuster and that is aimed at protecting minority interest. |
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Definition
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Term
| the alliance of special interest groups with the purpose of achieving the same goal using both direct lobbying and grassroots lobbying. |
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Definition
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Term
| an era of American foreign policy lasting from the end of World War II (1945) to the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991) where American policy was defined as containment of communism. |
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Definition
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Term
| agreement to form through treaties mutual defense arrangements, such as NATO, which guarantee that if one nation is attacked, other nations will come to its defense. |
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Definition
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Term
| delegated power of the president. |
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Definition
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Term
| Article I Section 8 Clause 3 of the Constitution giving Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce and commerce with foreign countries. |
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Definition
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Term
| based on the legal concept of stare decisis, or judicial precedent. |
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Definition
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Term
| begun under Richard Nixon and known as the new federalism, this approach stressed the downsizing of the federal government and more reliance on revenue sharing and grants. |
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Definition
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Term
| power shared by the state and federal government, such as the power to tax. |
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Definition
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Term
| additional opinion in a Court decision written by a member of the majority. |
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Definition
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Term
| approach to government that decentralizes power, giving more power to the individual states than to the federal government. |
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Definition
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Term
| a committee consisting of senators and representatives that meets to resolve differences in legislation. |
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Definition
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Term
| set up by the Congress, this office evaluates the cost of legislative proposals |
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Definition
| Congressional Budget Office (CBO) |
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Term
| defined by the U.S. Constitution as the people in each state should choose their representatives based on its population determined y the census. The number of citizens per congressional district has risen from an average of 33,000 in 1790 to almost 709,000 as of 2012. |
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Definition
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Term
| power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, and bring to the public's attention the need for public policy. |
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Definition
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Term
| offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates and created a bicameral legislature, where one house is represented by population, and the other house is represented by the states. |
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Definition
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Term
| a derivative of the doctrine of natural rights; a philosophy, later adopted by Jefferson when he drafted the Declaration of Independence, that puts the authority of the government in the people's hands. |
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Definition
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Term
| A person who believes in less government, lower taxes, a strong national defense, and more responsibility. |
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Definition
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Term
| person living in the district of an elected official |
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Definition
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Term
| a member of Congress providing services to voters such as providing help with federal agencies, federal grants, and students who want to attend U.S. military academies, who live in the district the representative or senator serves. |
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Definition
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Term
| provides the basic framework of government. It is the supreme law of the land. |
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Definition
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Term
| a primary measure of inflation determined by the increase in the cost of products compared to a base year |
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Definition
| Consumer Price Index (CPI) |
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Term
| emergency spending legislation that prevents the shutdown of any department simply because its budget has not been enacted. |
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Definition
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Term
| a blueprint for legislative action and congressional reform that House Republicans led by Newt Gingrich successfully campaigned for in the 1994 midterm elections resulting in what was called "the Republican revolution." |
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Definition
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Term
| an increase reflected in presidential preference polls immediately following a party's nominating convention. |
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Definition
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Term
| developed during the New Deal, it is characterized by the federal government's becoming more intrusive in what were traditionally state powers. |
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Definition
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Term
| White House staff agency created to give the president advice regarding economic and fiscal policy. |
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Definition
| Council of Economic Advisors |
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Term
| developed during President Lyndon Johnson's administration, it was characterized by the Great Society programs, which placed a major responsibility on federally funded programs. |
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Definition
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Term
| an election that results in a party realignment caused by the movement of voters from one party to another. The election of 1980 was a critical election because traditional Democrats voted for Ronald Reagan. They became known as Reagan Democrats. |
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Definition
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Term
| doctrine found in the Eight Amendment to the Constitution that prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive penalties for crimes committed. |
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Definition
| Cruel and unusual punishment |
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Term
| the establishment of an income level by government that references the point at which an individual is considered to be living in poverty. |
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Definition
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Term
| polls that are released every day during a campaign. The differ from other tracking polls because unlike weekly or monthly polls, they are more of an instant snapshot of how a candidate is performing. |
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Definition
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Term
| candidate running for office who is not well known, considered to be the underdog in the race. |
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Definition
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Term
| the point at which the federal government will run out of money to pay the interest to the creditors of the United States. The debts of the United States are guaranteed by the full faith and credit clause in the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| segregation of schools and other public facilities through circumstance with no law supporting it. |
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Definition
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Term
| segregation by law, made illegal by Brown v Board of Education. |
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Definition
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Term
| blueprint for the American Revolution containing three parts. The first part-an introduction including ideas such as natural rights as related to life, liberty, and property, the consent of the governed and the concept of limited government. The second part-a list of grievances against the King of England and the third part-a declaration of independence. |
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Definition
| Declaration of Independence |
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Term
| Drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention and taken from the History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 1, by E. C. Stanton, S. B. Anthony, and M. J. Gage, the document outlines the case for the right to vote for women, as well as other rights denied to women at that time. |
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Definition
| Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (1848) |
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Term
| It was signed into law by President Clinton in 1996. The act defines marriage as "a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife." The law also allows states not to recognize gay marriagees performed legally in other states. The law also prohibits gay couples that are legally married or are recognized as a couple as a result of a civil union from collecting any federal benefits that married couples receive. |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to a budget where expenditures exceed revenues resulting in an increase of interest on the debt. |
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Definition
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Term
| defined in the Constitution as those powers that are listed in the Constitution as belonging to the federal government. |
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Definition
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Term
| political party that evolved from the original Democratic-Republican Party. It is one of the two major political parties. |
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Definition
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Term
| led by Thomas Jefferson, they were characterized as the part of the "common man." The believed in a more limited role of the central government. |
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Definition
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Term
| characteristics of a population, including age, sex, and race, often used to determine changes in the make-up of a population |
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Definition
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Term
| a foreign policy started by Richard Nixon and supported by Ronald Reagan that resulted in an improvement of relations with the Soviet Union during the Cold War |
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Definition
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Term
| political theory of returning power to the states |
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Definition
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Term
| type of government characterized by citizens attending a town meeting and voting on issues raised, with the majority prevailing. |
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Definition
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Term
| the attempt by lobbyist to directly influence legislation through communication with a member of a legislative body or government official ho has a connection with the formulation of legislation. |
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Definition
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Term
| voters, including cross-over voters from other political parties, can express a preference for candidates. |
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Definition
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Term
| money paid directly to the government in the form of income taxes. |
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Definition
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Term
| interest levels established by the Federal Reserve that affect the ability of the consumer to borrow money. Raising and lowering rates is used as a tool to combat inflation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Those appropriation times in the budget that are not mandatory. In the federal budget, discretionary spending consists of measures in the 13 appropriation bills that must be passed by Congress by October 1 in such categories as transportation, agriculture, and education. |
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Definition
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Term
| judicial written opinion that is contrary to the ruling of the full court |
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Definition
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Term
| results in the government giving benefits directly to the people, groups, farmers, and businesses. Typical policies include subsidies, research and development funds for corporations, and direct government aid for highway construction and education. |
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Definition
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Term
| characterized by political gridlock as the result of different political parties having control of different branches of the government. |
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Definition
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Term
| skilled workers each have a specialized function, resulting in increased productivity. |
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Definition
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Term
| legal concept wherein once a verdict is handed down, you cannot be tried again for the same crime. |
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Definition
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Term
| the earliest type of relationship established between the federal government and the states where the federal government's powers were defined as delegated and the state government's powers were reserved. |
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Definition
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Term
| where presidential candidates are selected and a separate slate of delegates is also voted on. new Hampshire uses this type of primary. |
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Definition
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Term
| pet projects added to appropriation bills by congressmen, called "wasteful spending" and "pork barrel legislation" by critics. |
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Definition
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Term
| found in Article * Section 8 of the Constitution, it gives Congress the power to make "all laws necessary and proper" to carry out the other defined powers of Congress. |
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Definition
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Term
| consists of presidential electors from each state. The number of electors is based on the state's population. The sates with the greatest population have the most electoral votes. When the voter casts a vote for president, in reality the vote goes to one of the presidential electors designated by the candidate in that state. The number of electors for each state equals the number of senators and representatives that state has in Congress. The candidate with a majority of the electoral votes is elected to office. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives will determine the outcome of the election. |
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Definition
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Term
| a group theory that revolves around an economic stratum of society controlling the policy agenda. |
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Definition
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Term
| those benefits guaranteed by law paid to individuals by the federal government, such as Social Security. |
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Definition
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Term
| delegated powers of Congress, including the power to collect taxes, pay debts, provide for the common defense and general welfare, regulate commerce among the states, coin money, and declare war. |
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Definition
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Term
| regulates air and water pollution, pesticides, radiation, solid waste, and toxic substances |
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Definition
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
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Term
| phrase found in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution that furthers the legal concept of civil rights. Originally intended to protect freed former slaves, the clause was later expanded by court interpretation to protect other minority groups. |
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Definition
| Equal Protection Under the Law |
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Term
| component of the First Amendment to the Constitution that defines the right of the citizens to practice their religions without governmental interference. It also places a restriction on government creating a "wall of separation" between church and state. |
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Definition
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Term
| laws that take effect after the act takes place. Congress is prohibited from enacting this type of legislation |
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Definition
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Term
| rule that resulted from the Mapp v Ohio decision determining that police may obtain only that evidence that can be had through a legitimate search warrant. Other evidence found at the scene of the crime is not admissible, or is excluded, in the trial. |
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Definition
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Term
| agreement made between the president and a leader of a foreign country that does not have to be ratified by the Senate. |
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Definition
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Term
| created by Franklin Roosevelt in 1939; it has four major policy-making bodies today-the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisers, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Office of National Drug Control Policy |
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Definition
| Executive office of the president |
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Term
| order signed by the president that has the effect of law, even though it is not passed by Congress. An example of an executive order includes President Clinton's order legalizing the abortion pill, R486 |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability of the president to protect personal material. |
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Definition
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Term
| a survey of randomly selected voters that is taken outside the voting area after the voter leaves it with the purpose of finding out who the voters cast their ballots for, demographic information, and where the voter stands on different issues. |
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Definition
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Term
| specific power of the president as listed in Article I of the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| term used by Madison in the Federalist #10 to describe groups that are formed which threaten minority rights. |
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Definition
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Term
| scrapped in 1987, it provided taht the media air opposing opinions of the same issue. |
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Definition
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Term
| act that gave unpaid emergency medical leave for employees with a guarantee that their job would not be taken away in the interim. |
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Definition
| Family Medical Leave Act (1993) |
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Term
| refers to a country exporting more than it imports. The United States has had an unfavorable balance of trade since World War II. |
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Definition
| Favorable balance of trade |
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Term
| the presidential candidate backed by the home state at the party's nominating convention. |
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Definition
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Term
| in 1971 it set up restrictions on the amount of advertising used by a candidate, creating disclosure of contributions over $100, and limited the amount of personal contributions a candidate could make on his or her own behalf. In 1974 it set up a system of federal matching funds for presidential candidates. |
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Definition
| Federal Election Campaign Acts (FECA) |
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Term
| made up of three Democrats and three Republicans, in 1975 Congress created it to adminster and enforce the FECA. Duties include: to disclose campaign finance information, enforce provisions of the law such as limits and prohibitions on contributions, and oversee the public funding of presidential elections. |
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Definition
| Federal Elections Commission |
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Term
| federal body that regulates the money supply by controlling open-market operations; buying and selling government securities; and establishing reserve requirements. |
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Definition
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Term
| the overall division of power between the federal government and state governments; as defined int he Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| written using the pen name Publius; John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison wrote a series of articles urging the adoption of the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| headed by Alexander Hamilton, this party, made up of the country's upper class, supported a strong national government and set a policy agenda that would solve the nation's economic problems. |
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Definition
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Term
| established in Chaplinsky v New Hampshire (1942), the decision incorporated into state law the concept that the government can limit free speech if it can be proved that the result of speech will cause physical violence. |
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Definition
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Term
| tactic used in the senate whereby a vote on legislation can be delayed through debate. The longest continuous ________ was made by Strom Thurmond and lasted 24 hours. |
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Definition
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Term
| on January 1, 2013, if no action was taken by Congress, the so-called Bush tax cuts would expire and income tax rates would be raised for every taxpayer, unemployment insurance would run out for millions of people who were out of jobs, and there would be mandated cuts in discretionary spending and defense spending defined by law (sequestration). An agreement was reached before these actions took place. |
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Definition
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Term
| a concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by the federal government to the states with specific conditions attached. The legislation can be in the form of mandates. |
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Definition
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Term
| policy that determines how the economy is managed as a result of government spending and borrowing and the amount of money collected from taxes. |
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Definition
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Term
| decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional |
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Definition
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Term
| technique used by pollsters to determine how a cross section of voters feels about a particular topic. |
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Definition
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Term
| federally funded program that gives food coupons to low income people based income and family size |
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Definition
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Term
| privilege enjoyed by members of Congress entitling them to free postage for any mailings made as part of their official duties. |
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Definition
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Term
| phrase found in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution that guarantees an individual the right to pray and believe in the religion of his or her choice by making it illegal for Congress to pass laws that restrict this right. |
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Definition
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Term
| act that incorporates sunshine laws; opened up the government's meetings of record to the public and media |
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Definition
| Freedom of Information Act (1974) |
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Term
| designation given to the candidate who leads in the polls. |
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Definition
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Term
| phrase used to describe the mutual respect and legality of laws, public records, and judicial decisions made by states. |
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Definition
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Term
| those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them. |
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Definition
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Term
| a significant deviation between the way men and women vote. |
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Definition
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Term
| agreement wherein new trade barriers would be avoided by member nations, existing tariffs would be eliminated, and protective tariffs would be used only for emergency situations. |
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Definition
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
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Term
| state legislatures, based on political affiliation, create congressional districts, many of which are oddly shaped and favor the political party in power in the state making the changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| case established the principle that Congress has sole authority over interstate commerce. |
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Definition
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Term
| landmark decision in that the Supreme Court incorporated the First Amendment to a state case for the first time. |
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Definition
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Term
| the degree of linkage among the community of nations. |
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Definition
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Term
| a foreign policy established by Franklin Roosevelt that aimed at improving relations with Latin America |
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Definition
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Term
| such as the Tennessee Valley Authority, created during the New Deal, having specific responsibilities that facilitate a specific operation of the government |
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Definition
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Term
| another way of identifying the Republican Party |
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Definition
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Term
| money provided by the federal government to the states including categorical grants that meet the criteria of a specific category, project grants that are competitive, formula grants that have specific rules and a formula for who is eligible, and block grants that are given for specific purposes. |
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Definition
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Term
| political participation at the local level |
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Definition
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Term
| created a bicameral legislature at the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia in 1787. The compromise came about after delegates could not agree on the New Jersey plan that advocated on legislative house based on equal representation and the Connected plan that favored on house based on population. |
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Definition
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Term
| describes people's perception that Congress and the president are in a state of disagreement that results in little legislation passing. |
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Definition
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Term
| currently the key economic measure that analyzes an upward or downward economic trend of the monetary value of all the goods and services produced within the nation on a quarterly basis. |
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Definition
| Gross domestic product (GDP) |
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Term
| the total of all goods and services produced in a year. |
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Definition
| Gross national product (GNP) |
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Term
| passed by Congress in 1964 giving President Lyndon Johnson authority to take whatever action necessary to defend American troops fighting in Vietnam. The resolution became a trigger for our escalation in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war by Congress. |
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Definition
| Golf of Tonkin Resolution |
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Term
| right that safeguards a person from illegal imprisonment. Habeas corpus is Latin for "you should have the body." It refers to the writ requiring that a person be brought before a court to determine whether he is being detained legally. |
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Definition
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Term
| federally regulated campaign contributions made to political candidates and political parties. Under current law, hard money contributions cannot exceed $1,000 per individual, per election cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| a major characteristic of the modern presidential campaign. The use of paid political ads, 30- and 60-second spots, paid infomercials incorporating charts and graphs, and sophisticated polling techniques have all been used in recent campaigns. |
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Definition
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Term
| the claim that the media is more interested in covering a campaign, focusing more on who is ahead rather than in-depth coverage of issues. |
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Definition
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Term
| act that shifted the quota of immigrants to Europe and aimed to attract immigrants who were trained workers. |
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Definition
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Term
| listing accusations against a federal official of "high crimes and misdemeanors" for the purpose of removing that official from office for such misconduct. |
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Definition
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Term
| describes a Congress that succeeds in establishing itself as dominant in legislative and foreign policy |
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Definition
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| term developed by historian Arthur Schlesigner Jr.; refers to presidents who dominate the political and legislative agenda |
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| those powers in the Constitution that are not listed or delegated. Such as the Elastic clause |
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Definition
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| doctrine that made the Bill of Rights apply to the states as a result of Supreme Court decisions. |
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| those elected officials who are running for new terms of office. |
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| such as the General Services Administration, which handles government purchasing and has a specific responsibility that facilitates the day-to-day operation of the government. |
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Definition
| Independent executive agency |
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Term
| non-federally regulated campaign contributions made by special interest groups, labor unions, and corporations to political action committees and political parties; also called soft money. |
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Definition
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Term
| agencies that are quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial in nature and operation. Examples are the Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency. |
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Definition
| Independent regulatory agencies |
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Term
| a formal list of charges made by a grand jury and guaranteed in the Fifth Amendment |
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| money paid to the government as a result of purchased goods. |
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Definition
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| economic situation characterized by steadily rising prices and falling purchasing power. It is, in part, caused by wage rates increasing faster than productivity. |
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Definition
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| paid political commercials usually lasting longer than the average 30- or 60 second paid political ad. |
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| a linked conglomerate of the computer-generated information |
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Definition
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| assumed powers of the president not specifically listed in the Constitution. |
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| ballot proposal put forth by the public and voted on as a result of the petition process. |
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| a public or private organization, affiliation, or committee that has as its goal the dissemination of its membership's viewpoint. |
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Definition
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Term
| a clearinghouse for member nations to discuss monetary issues and develop international plans and policies to deal with monetary issues. Regulating monetary exchange rates is its primary task. |
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Definition
| International Monetary fund (IMF) |
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Term
| the first phase of the presidential nomination process, where candidates attempt to gain front-runner status and raise the most money. |
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Definition
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Term
| the first-in-the-nation presidential preference vote usually held in January or early February. The results reflect the organizational ability and strength of presidential candidates. The majority of candidates who this go on to win their party's nominations. |
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Definition
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Term
| an informal vote held by the Republican Party that gauges the support for a candidate. It is nonbinding and reflects a small portion of the voters. It is held in July. |
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Term
| the interrelationship among bureaucracies, the government, interest groups, and the public, which also establishes a pattern of relationships among an agency in the executive branches, Congress, and one or more outside clients of that agency. |
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Term
| legislation that legalized segregation even after the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. |
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| congressional committee made up of members of both political parties from the Senate and the House of Representatives |
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Definition
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| a philosophy of judicial review that results in decisions that overturn precedent. |
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Definition
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Term
| following oral arguments, Supreme Court justices convene and review the case they heard before taking a vote that determines the decision. |
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Definition
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Term
| a court that maintains the status quo or mirrors what the other branches of government have established as current policy. |
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Definition
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Term
| derived from the Marbury v Madison decision, it gives the Supreme Court the power to interpret the Constitution and specifically acts of Congress, the president, and the states. |
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Term
| key Senate committee that is responsible for recommending presidential judicial appointments to the full Senate for approval. |
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| key speech at the national nominating convention that outlines the themes of the campaign. |
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| French term literally meaning "hands off." Used to describe an economic philosophy of nongovernment intervention on economic matters such as regulation of business or establishing tariffs. |
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Definition
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| an officeholder who is either defeated or is retiring from the office in which he is serving, but is still in office until his successor is sworn in; perceived to have little power or influence |
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Definition
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| election where the winning candidate wins by more than 60 percent of the votes cast |
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| federalism characterized by a national government exercising its power independently from state governments. |
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| provision granting Congress the right to veto regulations made by federal agencies; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. |
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Definition
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| written publications that intentionally print false information that defames the character of an individual |
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Definition
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Term
| A person who believes in greater government intervention, higher taxes, and a smaller military. |
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Definition
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Term
| derived from the doctrine of natural rights, it was adopted by Jefferson and restricts the power of the government especially in the area of protecting the rights of the people. |
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Definition
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Term
| allows the president to veto selectively what he considers unnecessary spending items contained in legislation. It was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. |
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Definition
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Term
| the means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy. Examples include political parties, special interest groups, and the media. |
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Definition
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Term
| an action by one party that sues another party in the form of a lawsuit. Special interest groups use litigation for the purpose of impacting and changing policy. Lawsuits can be aimed at private individuals, corporations, or a government agency. |
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Definition
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Term
| declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, they were passed by southern states after the Civil War aimed at making reading a requirement for voting so that freed slaves could not vote. |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary instruments of fostering a special interest group's goals to the policymakers. The term comes from people who literally wait in the lobbies of legislative bodies for senators and representatives to go to and from the floor of the legislatures. |
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Definition
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Term
| a tactic used in Congress that is best illustrated by one legislator saying to another, "I'll vote for your legislation, if you vote for mine." |
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Definition
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Term
| a liberal interpretation of the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| person selected by the political party holding a majority of the seats in the House and Senate. |
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Definition
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Term
| court ruling participated in by the majority of justices hearing a case. |
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Definition
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Term
| those appropriation items in a budget that must be allocated. In the federal budget, examples are spending items are Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, payment on the national debt, and certain components of defense spending |
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Definition
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Term
| also known as cooperative federalism, it developed during the New Deal and is characterized by the federal governments' becoming more intrusive in what was traditionally states' powers |
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Definition
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Term
| a tenure as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, whose leadership resulted in the landmark decision of Marbury v Madison, McCulloch v Maryland, and Gibbons v Ogden. These cases shifted power to the judiciary and federal government. |
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Definition
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Term
| developed by President Truman's Secretary of State, and implemented after World War II beginning in 1947, it gave massive aid to help rebuild Europe after the war. |
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Definition
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Term
| consisting of television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, they reached a large segment of the population. It is also considered one of the linkage institutions. |
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Definition
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Term
| limited federal funds given to presidential candidates that match private donations raised during the campaign. |
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Definition
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Term
| case that established the principle that the federal government was supreme over the state. |
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Definition
| McCulloch v Maryland (1819) |
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Term
| commission that brought significant representation changes to the Democratic Party. It made future conventions more democratic by including more minority representation. |
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Definition
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Term
| one of the linkage institutions, along with special interest groups and political parties, that connects citizens to a group that influences public policy. |
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Definition
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Term
| a shared program between the federal and local governments that covers hospital and nursing home costs of low-income people. |
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Definition
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Term
| program that covers hospital and medical costs of people 65 years of age and older as well as disabled individuals receiving Social Security. |
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Definition
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Term
| persons selected by the political party holding a minority of the seats in the House and Senate. |
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Definition
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Term
| a dissenting opinion written by a justice representing a minority point of view in the losing side of a Supreme Court decision. |
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Definition
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Term
| those rights directing police to inform the accused upon their arrest of their constitutional right to remain silent, that anything said could be used in court, that they have the right to consult with a lawyer at anytime during the process. |
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Definition
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Term
| policies developed by the Federal Reserve Board, such as raising or lowering interest rates, aimed at creating and maintaining a healthy economy. |
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Definition
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Term
| signed into law by President Clinton, it enables people to register to vote at motor vehicle departments. |
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Definition
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Term
| the governing body of a political party made up of state and national party leaders. |
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Definition
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Term
| political forum in which each major political party selects its candidate for president and vice president and finalizes its respective platform. |
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Definition
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Term
| the governing authority of the political party. They give direction to the national party chairperson, the spokesperson of the party, and the person who heads the national committee, the governing body of the party. They are also the forums where presidential candidates are given the official nod by their parties. |
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Definition
| National nominating conventions |
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Term
| chaired by the president, it is the lead advisory board in the area of national and international security. Other members include the vice president, secretaries of state and defense, director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and chair of the joint chiefs of staff. |
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Definition
| National Security Council |
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Term
| a judicial doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation. |
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Definition
| Nationalization of the Bill of Rights |
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Term
| part of Locke's philosophy; rights that are God given such as life, liberty, and property. |
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Definition
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Term
| a term created by the Democratic Leadership Council in 1992, it denotes a less liberal, centrist Democrat. |
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Definition
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Term
| political theory first espoused by Richard Nixon and carried out by Ronald Reagan. It advocates the downsizing of the federal government and the devolution of power to the states. |
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Definition
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Term
| the first-in-the-nation presidential vote differing from the Iowa caucus because it is a secret ballot where voters use ballots and where registered voters and nonaffiliated Independents can vote. |
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Definition
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Term
| offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on equal representation by the states. |
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Definition
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Term
| President Bush's vision for world peace centering around the United States taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the United Nations, NATO, and other countries acting in concert. |
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Definition
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Term
| party delegates selected from caucus and primary votes officially select their party's candidate for president and vice president based on a majority vote of the delegates attending the convention. |
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Definition
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Term
| where voters choose delegates who are not bound to vote for the winning primary candidate. |
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Definition
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Term
| those natural resources such as oil, which , based on consumption, are limited |
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Definition
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Term
| act that prohibited employers from punishing workers who joined unions and gave labor the right to form unions. |
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Definition
| Norris-La Guardia Act (1932) |
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Term
| agreement that called for dramatic reductions of tariffs among the United states, Canada, and Mexico. |
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Definition
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
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Term
| agreement that stopped and monitored the spread of nuclear weapons to countries who did not have the bomb. |
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Definition
| Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968 |
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Term
| created as part of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, it was given jurisdiction to license and regulate commercial use of nuclear technologies and monitor waste storage and transportation of materials arising from its use. |
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Definition
| Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
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Term
| agreement that banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. |
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Definition
| Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 |
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Term
| its director, appointed with the consent of the Senate, is responsible for the preparation of the massive federal budget, which must be submitted to the Congress in January each year. Also oversees congressional appropriations. |
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Definition
| Office of Management and Budget (OMB) |
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Term
| legal argument made by each attorney in proceedings before the court in an attempt to persuade the court to decide the issue in their client's favor. |
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Definition
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Term
| cases heard by the Supreme Court that do not come on appeal and that "affect ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party." |
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Definition
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Term
| power to excuse an offense without penalty or grant release from a penalty already imposed. |
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Definition
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Term
| President Clinton announced in 1993 a policy that allowed for the gradual admission into NATO of new member nations from the former Warsaw Pact |
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Definition
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Term
| also known as the party conference, it is a means for each party to develop a strategy or position on a particular issue. |
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Definition
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Term
| a shift away from the major political parties to a more neutral, independent ideological view of party identification. |
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Definition
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Term
| a time period characterized by national dominance by one political party. There have been four major party eras in American history-the era of good feeling, the Republican era following the Civil War, the Democratic era following the election of Franklin Roosevelt, and the Republican era following the election of Richard Nixon |
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Definition
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Term
| the manner in which a person acts when belonging to a political party |
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Definition
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Term
| the party organization that exists on the local level and uses patronage as the means to keep the party members in line. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall are examples. |
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Definition
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Term
| formal structure of a political party on the national, state, and local levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| voted on by the delegates attending the National Convention, they represent the ideological point of view of a political party. |
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Definition
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Term
| the movement of voters from one political party to another resulting in a major shift in the political spectrum (characterized by the start of a party era) |
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Definition
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Term
| enrolled party members who are usually active in the organization of a political party and support party positions and nominated candidates. |
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Definition
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Term
| any of the principles contained in a political party's platform |
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Definition
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Term
| case that ruled that states had the right to impose "separate but equal" facilities on its citizens as well as create other laws that segregated the races. |
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Definition
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Term
| a group theory that involves different groups all vying for control of the policy agenda. No single group emerges, forcing the groups to compromise |
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Definition
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Term
| winning the number of votes received in a race containing more than two candidates but which is not more than half of the total votes cast. |
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Definition
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Term
| rejection of legislation that occurs if the president does not sign a bill within 10 days and the Congress also adjourns within the same time period. |
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Definition
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Term
| power reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| agenda that results from the interaction of linkage institutions. |
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Definition
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Term
| they raise money from the special interest constituents and make contributions to political campaigns on behalf of the special interest group. |
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Definition
| Political action committees (PAC) |
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Term
| fundamental values that people have about their government and how these values translate into voting patterns. |
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Definition
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Term
| the different ways an average citizen gets involved in the political process ranging from conventional means of influencing government to more radical unconventional tools that have influenced our elected officials. |
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Definition
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Term
| a group of people joined together by common philosophies and common approaches with the aim of getting candidates elected in order to develop and implement public policy. |
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Definition
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Term
| the factors that determine voting behavior such as family, religion, and ethnic background. |
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Definition
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Term
| who gets what, when, how, and why. |
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Definition
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Term
| made illegal by the Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| political doctrine that believes that government is created by and subject to the will of the people |
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Definition
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Term
| the practice of legislators obtaining funds through legislation that favors their home districts. |
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Definition
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Term
| the introduction to the Constitution, outlining the goals of the document. |
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Definition
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Term
| legal concept, also known as stare decisis, by which earlier court decisions serve as models in justifying decisions in subsequent cases. |
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Definition
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Term
| temporary presiding officer of the Senate. |
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Definition
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Term
| elections held in individual states to determine the preference of the voters and to allocate the number of delegates to the party's national convention. |
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Definition
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Term
| key White House position; meets with the White House press corps. |
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Definition
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Term
| the government's price guarantees for certain farm goods. |
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Definition
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Term
| the actions of a governmental body that result in the censorship of written material. |
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Definition
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Term
| guarantees that the rights of a citizen in one state will be respected by other states. Also a clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that protects citizens from abuses by a state. |
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Definition
| Privileges and immunities |
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Term
| series of steps that are established by the Fifth, Sixth, and Seven Amendments that protect the rights of the accused at every step of the investigation. |
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Definition
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Term
| a tax based upon the amount of money an individual earned, such as an income tax. Became legal as a result of the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| scientific surveys aimed at gauging public preferences of candidates and issues. |
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Definition
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Term
| the final action(s) taken by government in promotional, regulatory, or distributive form. |
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Definition
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Term
| characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them judicial power to interpret regulations they create. |
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Definition
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Term
| a characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them legislative powers to issue regulations. |
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Definition
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Term
| the senior member of the minority party serving on a congressional committee who works closely with the committee chair deciding on committee business. |
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Definition
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Term
| traditional Democratic middle-class voters turning to Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. |
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Definition
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Term
| the process in which a state legislature redraws congressional districts based on population increases or declines. |
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Definition
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Term
| act that provides for a permanent size of the House and for the number of seats, based on the census, each state should have. |
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Definition
| Reapportionment Act of 1929 |
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Term
| a presidential appointment made when the Congress is not in session that usually lacks enough votes in the Senate for confirmation. The position must be confirmed by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress, or the position becomes vacant. |
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Definition
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Term
| caused by a collapse of the housing market, the mismanagement of housing mortgages by banks, and the bankruptcy of major investment firms, it resulted in a 10 percent unemployment rate, a precipitous drop in the global markets, and an economic slowdown that lasted until the middle of 2009. |
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Definition
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Term
| used to describe the difficulty it takes to get answers from a bureaucratic agency. |
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Definition
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Term
| process that takes place every ten years, as a result of the federal census, mandating state legislatures to redraw their congressional districts based on population gains and losses. |
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Definition
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Term
| practice of submitting to popular vote a measure proposed by a legislative body; also called a proposition. |
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Definition
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Term
| a tax that is imposed on individuals regardless of how much they ear, such as a sales tax |
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Definition
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Term
| policy that results in government control over individuals and businesses. Examples of regulatory policy include protection of the environment and consumer protection. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after Warren Burger. Known as a conservative jurist and reflected a court of judicial restraint and conservative tendencies. |
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Definition
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Term
| an evangelical conglomeration of ultraconservative political activist, many of whom support the Republican Party. |
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Definition
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Term
| form of government that relies on the consent of the people and is often called a republican government. |
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Definition
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Term
| Constitution defines our democracy and is represented by the people and for the people |
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Definition
| Republican form of government |
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Term
| political party that evolved from the Whig Party, coming to power after Lincoln's election. |
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Definition
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Term
| found in the Tenth Amendment, it gives states powers not delegated to the national government |
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Definition
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Term
| discrimination against whites or males, usually with regard to employment or education. |
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Definition
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Term
| amendments to bills, often in the form of appropriations, that sometimes have nothing to do with the intent of the bill itself and many times are considered to be park barrel legislation. |
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Definition
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Term
| judicial concept employed by the Supreme Court requiring the approval of at least four justices before a case can be heard on appeal. |
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Definition
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Term
| one of the most important committees of the House of Representatives; its function is to create specific rules for every bill to be debated by the full House. |
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Definition
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Term
| the geographic area that is characterized by industries that have been in decline in the western part of the Northeast and upper Midwest including Midwestern Pennsylvania, western New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and northern Illinois and Indiana. |
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Definition
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Term
| an elected official who, as an incumbent, has an easy reelection as a result of his incumbency or the political makeup of the district. |
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Definition
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Term
| a minimum government guarantee that ensures that individuals living in poverty will receive support in the form of social welfare programs. |
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Definition
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Term
| usually within three percentage points, inherent in the polling process. |
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Definition
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Term
| written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence. |
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Definition
| Second Treatise of Civil Government |
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Term
| specially treated congressional committees that conduct special investigations. |
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Definition
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Term
| the process outlined in Article Two of the Constitution, giving the Senate the authority to approve appointments made by the president. |
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Definition
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Term
| policy that senators the right to be notified by the president of pending judicial nominations. Once informed, the approval of the senators from the state from which the judge comes is obtained and the appointment process moves on. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Congress, those representatives who serve the longest receive this |
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Definition
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Term
| the judicial precedent established in the Plessy v Ferguson decision. |
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Definition
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Term
| also known as the "establishment clause," it is part of the First Amendment of the Constitution. |
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Definition
| Separation of church and state |
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Term
| originally developed by Montesquieu in The Spirit of Natural Laws written during the Enlightenment and used by James Madison in Federalist No. 48. |
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Definition
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Term
| was the mandated cuts in discretionary and defense spending passed by Congress in 2011 when the debt ceiling was agreed to be raised. |
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Definition
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Term
| those powers that are concurrent, or overlapping, between the federal and state governments. Taxes for an example |
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Definition
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Term
| a failed attempt by Daniel Shays, a farmer who lost his property, to revolt against the state government |
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Definition
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Term
| act that resulted in more than 2 million aliens who were living in this country since 1982 being allowed to apply for legal status. |
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Definition
| Simpson-Marzzoli Act (1987) |
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Term
| speech that intentionally gives false information or defames the character of an individual. |
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Definition
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Term
| entitlement programs such as Social Security and programs such as Aid to Dependent Children |
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Definition
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Term
| unrestricted and unregulated legal campaign contributions made to political parties and intended for party development. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30 or 60 second statements by politicians aired on the evening news shows or Sunday morning talk shows. |
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Definition
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Term
| representative from the majority party in the House of Representatives who sets the House agenda, presides over House meetings, recognizes speakers, refers bills to committees, answers procedural questions, and declares the outcome of the votes. |
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Definition
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Term
| political consultants who try to shape the story of actions of their clients to the media in a positive manner. |
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Definition
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Term
| committees that deal with proposed bills and also act in an oversight function. They are permanent, existing from one Congress to the next, such as the House Ways and Means and Senate Appropriations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Latin for judicial precedent, this concept originated in England in the twelfth century when judges settled disputes based on custom and tradition. |
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Definition
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Term
| constitutional requirement imposed on the president to deliver an annual report regarding the current state of the union to Congress. |
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Definition
| State of the Union address |
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Term
| nonbinding vote used to determine the views of a small cross section of voters. |
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Definition
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Term
| individuals who believe in a conservative interpretation of the Constitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| given by a candidate on a the campaign trail containing the candidate's key talking points and given to many different audiences |
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Definition
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Term
| legal process that places limits related to the content of legislation and the extent government case use its power to enact unreasonable laws. |
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Definition
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Term
| the right to vote guaranteed to African-Americans in the Fourteenth Amendment and women in the Nineteenth Amendment. |
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Definition
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Term
| those measures that open up government meetings to the public and prohibit government entities from conducting business in private session. |
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Definition
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Term
| can endorse or criticize a political candidate by raising unlimited funds, sometimes anonymous, from corporations, unions, and individuals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Democratic Party leaders and elected party officials who automatically are selected as delegates to the National Convention. |
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Definition
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Term
| clause that states "the Constitution, and the laws of the United States...shall be the supreme law of the land." |
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Definition
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Term
| form of free speech interpreted by the Supreme Court as a guarantee under the First Amendment to the Constitution, such as wearing a black armband to protest a governmental action or burning an American flag in protest for political reasons. |
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Definition
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Term
| act that outlawed the closed union shop and certain kinds of strikes, permitted employers to sue unions for violations of contracts, allowed the use of injunctions to stop union activities, and allowed states to adopt right-to-work laws, giving employers more rights regarding the establishment of union shops. |
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Definition
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Term
| politicians who use sound bites or other means to present a superficial look at a policy position rather than an in-depth approach in explaining their views. |
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Definition
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Term
| political parties that can be described as ideological, single-issue oriented, economically motivated, and personality driven. Examples include the Free Soil Party, Know-Nothings, Populist, and Bull Moose Parties. |
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Definition
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| offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates and regarded every five slaves as three people for representation and tax purposes. |
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| process by which voters choose a candidate from one political party for one elective office and another candidate from a different party for another elective office. |
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| polls conducted by media outlets to gauge the potential outcome of a political election on a periodic basis. |
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| selective leaks aimed at testing the political waters. |
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| also known as the attitudinal view. Voters elect their representative as their own trustees giving them the autonomy to act for the good of the constituents enabling the congressman or woman to act of out of conscience even if the majority of the voters might disagree. |
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| Trustee model of representation |
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| constitutional amendment outlining the criteria for presidential selection and presidential disability. |
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| rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which are derived from the doctrine of natural rights. |
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| a decision made by the Supreme Court that has no dissent. A 9-0 decision. |
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| right of all qualified adults to vote. |
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| traditions, precedent, and practice incorporated into our form of government |
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| power of the president to prevent enactment of legislation passed by Congress |
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| offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on the population of each state. |
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| act that finally made the Fifteenth Amendment a reality. As a result of this act, any state not eliminating the poll tax and literacy requirements would be directed to do so by the federal government. |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| gave workers involved in interstate commerce the right to organize labor unions and engage in collective bargaining and prevented employers from discriminating against labor leaders and taking action against union leaders. |
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| 1973 act that states that a president can commit the military only after a declaration of war by the Congress |
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| nominated by President Eisenhower in 1954, known for court's unanimous decision in Brown v Board of Education (1954) soon after he took office. known as a liberal, activist court. |
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| refers to the office complex in Washington D.C., where members of the committee to reelect Richard Nixon, posing as burglars, broke into the offices of the Democratic Party's national headquarters. |
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| an election where one political party wins, resulting in a change of control in the presidency and Congress, increased control of Congress, or change of control in one or both houses of Congress. |
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| also known as assistant floor leaders, they check with party members and inform the majority leader of the status and feelings of the membership regarding issues that are going to be voted on. |
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| managed by the White House Chief of Staff, who directly advises the president on a daily basis, it includes more than 600 people who work at the White House. |
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| an alternative to the traditional welfare, where an individual is trained to work instead of receiving welfare. |
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| provides monetary assistance to nations for the development of industries and aims to stimulate economic growth of third-world nations. |
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| Latin for "to be made more certain," the process in which the Supreme Court accepts written briefs on appeal based on the rule of four. |
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