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| prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related |
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| the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
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| the factor the research manipulates in a controlled experiment (the cause) |
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| the conscious experience of emotion results from one's awareness of autonomic arousal and comes only after the behavioral response to situations |
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| the feeling of futility and passive resignation that results from inability to avoid repeated aversive events |
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| life/ sexual energy force of the id |
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| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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| whorfian belief that the language people speak guides and determines their thinking |
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| a method of assessing developmental changes by evaluating the same group of people at different times in their lives |
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| the relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass |
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| behavior which is counterproductive, interferes with one's interaction in society, and is a factor in mental illness |
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| the sum total of all chemical processes that occur in our bodies and are necessary to keep us alive |
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| minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- most widely used objective test of personality, originally designed to distinguish individuals with different psycholgocla problems from normal individuals |
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| the smallest unit of language that has meaning |
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| a general term for a group of phenomena that affect the nature, strength, or persistence of an individual's behavior; goal-directed behavior |
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| a fatty covering of the axon made by glial cells, which speeds up conduction of the action potential |
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| a condition in which an awake person suddenly and uncontrollably falls asleep, often directly into REM sleep |
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| research method that records behaviors of humans or other animals in real-life situations witohout intervention |
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| clusters of neurons that are interconnected to process information |
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| the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system. neurons perform three major functions: receive information, process it, and transmit it to the rest of the body |
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| chemical messengers released by ther terminal buttons of the presynaptic neuron into the synapse |
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| bell-shaped curve that represents data concerning how mosth uman characteristics are dispersed in the population |
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social psychology- rules either implict or explicit that govern behavior of group
in testing- scores established from the test results of the representative sample |
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| sleep stages 1-4, during which rapid eye movements do not occur |
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| obsessive compulsive disorder |
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| recurrent, unwanted thoughts or ideas and compelling urges to engage in repetitive ritual-like behavior |
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| an active learner performs certain voluntary behaviors and the consequences of the behavior determine the likelihood of its reoccurance |
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| a description of the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable |
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| following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion |
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| tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments, which proves to be a hindrance in problem solving |
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| subdivision of PNS and ANS whose stimulation calms the body following sympathetic stimulation by restoring normal processes |
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| the percentage of scores at or below a particular score |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| portion of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. it includes all of the sensory and motor nerous, and subdivisions called the autonomic and somatic nervous systems |
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| a unique pattern of consistent feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that originate within the individual |
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| Positron Emission tomography PET |
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| - shows brain activity when radioactively tagged glucose rushes to active neurons and emits positrons |
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| smallest possibel sound units of spoken language |
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| piaget's second stage of cognitive development (2-7 years) during which the child represents and manipulates objects with symbols and is egocentric |
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| a mental image that incorporates all the features you associate with a particular category |
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| a medical doctor and the only mental health professional who can prescribe medication or perform surgery |
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| psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior |
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| division of the sample into groups os that every individual has an equal chance of being put in any group or condition |
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| rational-emotive therapy RET |
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| cognitive treatment developed by Ellis, which is based on facing the irrational thoughts in a rather confrontational way; changing irrational thinking will lead to a change in irrational behavior |
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| a Freudian defense mechanism that provides socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior |
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| the freudian defense mechanism involving acting in a manner exactly opposite to our true feelings |
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| freudian defense mechanism with which individual displays immature behaviors that have relieved anxiety in the past |
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| consistency or repeatability of results |
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| tendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype; in social psychology the prejudgment of people in the same way |
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the tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind, according to Freud
defesne mechanism and possible explanation for dissociative disorders |
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| a projective test in which a person is shown a series of symmetrical inkblots and is asked to describe what he or she thinks they represent |
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| theory that an emotion is inferred from physiological arousal, and that labeling of that emotion according to our cognitive explanation for the arousal |
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| framework of basic ideas and preconceptions about people, objects, and events based on past experience in long-term memory |
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| a serious mental disorder characterized by thought disturbances, hallucinations, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, and delusions |
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| focusing of awareness on a specific stimulus in sensory memory |
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| the realization of our true intellectual and emotional potential |
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| our overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality or what we know about ourselves |
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| a set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences |
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piaget's first stage (0-2)
the infant experiences the world through sense and action patterns- progresses from reflexes, to object permanence and symbolic thinking |
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| a neurotransmitter associated with arousal, sleep, appetite, moods, and emotions. lack of serotonin is associated with depression |
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| when individuals put less effort into group projects than individual projects |
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| the study of how groups influence the attitudes and behavior of the individual |
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| study of the biological basis of social behavior |
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| the reappearance of a previously extinguished controlled response after a rest period |
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| a measure of the average difference between each score and the mean of the data set |
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| set of tasks administered under standard conditions to assess an individual's knowledge, skill, or personality characteristics |
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| the condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is less than 1 in 20 |
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| the fear of strangers that infants develop at around 8 months of age |
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| freudian defense mechanism, expression of sexual or aggressive impulses redirected into more socially acceptable behaviors |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| subdivision of PNS and ANS whose stimulation results in responses that help the body deal with stressful events |
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| freudian defense mechanism, expression of sexual or aggressive impulses redirected into more socially acceptable behaviors |
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| region of communication between the transmitting presynpatic neuron and receiging postsynaptic neuron or muscle or gland, consisting of the presynpatic terminal buttons, a tiny space, and receptor sites typically on the post synaptic dendrites |
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| rules that are used to order words into grammatically sensible sentences |
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| systematic desensitization |
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| behavior treatment for phobias in which the client is trained to relax to increasingly fearful stimuli |
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| thematic apperception test- projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story |
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| an infant's natural disposition to show a particular mood at a particular intensity for a specific period |
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| loss of responsiveness to the environment, resulting from disease, trauma, or anethesia |
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| extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
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| spread or dispersion of a set of research data or distribution |
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| The absolute threshold is the point where something becomes noticeable to our senses. It is the softest sound we can hear or the slightest touch we can feel. Anything less than this goes unnoticed. The absolute threshold is therefore the point at which a stimuli goes from undetectable to detectable to our senses. |
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