Term
| _________ is the jumping of action potential from one cell to another |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the transfer of AP from one neuron to another |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the transfer of AP from a neuron to a muscle |
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Definition
| Neuromuscular transmission |
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Term
| ________ refers to gross movement that involves using muscles to move |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ muscle is responsible for motor movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are neurons that connect to skeletal muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain in detail the path of AP to skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ refers to the action of the vesicle "bursting" on the side connected to the muscle membrane to release Ach into interstitial fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| There are ________# of Ach molecules per vesicle |
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Definition
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Term
| Each Ach receptor binds ____# Ach molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| The Ach receptor is made up of ____# subunits |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 5 subunits of the Ach receptor |
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Definition
2 alpha
1 beta
1 gamma
1 delta |
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Term
| The Ach receptor is also a _____ channel, which is a ______-gated channel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is also referred to as the "motor end plate" |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is an enzyme that immediate stops the AP, shutting the Na+ gate |
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Definition
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Term
| ______# vesicles must open simultaneously to dump Ach |
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Definition
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Term
| ___% of Ach is lost in the synaptic cleft |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a chemical that carries nerve impulse info. from one cell to another |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
NTs are present and synthesized in the post-synaptic membrane |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Direct application of NT to post synaptic membrane has less of an effect as the stimulation of the pre-synaptic membrane |
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Definition
F
same (you don't really need the pre-synaptic membrane) |
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Term
| Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are _______ receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ receptors are in the NMJ and nerve synapses |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ receptors are in the cardiac/smooth muscle and glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Nicotonic receptors have __# isoforms |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscarinic receptors have __# isoforms |
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Definition
| 5 - 2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 gamma, 1 delta |
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Term
| ______ is a blocker/inhibitor in nicotinic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a blocker/inhibitor in muscarinic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Curare and atropine are ________ inhibitors |
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Definition
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Term
| Clostridium tetani is a bacteria that results in _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Clostridium botulinum is a bacteria that results in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Some insecticides can act as Ach mimics or AchE, damaging the membrane by overstimulating the NMJ, aka ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ muscle accounts for 30-40% of body mass |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is anchored at the z-line, but discontinuous in the middle |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the space where the actin discontinuous (horizontally) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the area from one myosin to another (horizontally) |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the flimsy internal membrane that wraps around the sarcomere |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the faint line that runs vertically in between z-lines and anchors the myosin |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the window from one z-line to another |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are filamentous proteins made up of actin and myosin |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is at the end of an actin filament that attaches to the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is at the end of an actin filament that discontinuous |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are the infolding of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane at the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
| A ______ is a group of myofilaments |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the area from one end of a myosin filament to the other end |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is a protein that anchors the actin filament to the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a protein that anchors myosin to the m-line |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the coiled, stringy protein that anchors myosin to the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a long string of sarcomeres |
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Definition
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Term
| Myofibrils bundled together create _______, which are myofibrils wrapped in sarcolemma |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ stores calcium around the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ = muscle cell shortening |
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Definition
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Term
During a contraction, what happens to the:
H-zone?
I-band?
A-band? |
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Definition
H - shrinks
I - shrinks
A - nothing |
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Term
| _________ describes the active sliding of think filament INWARD over the surface of a thick filament |
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Definition
| Sliding Filament Hypothesis |
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Term
| ______ is the filamentous protein that wraps around over the top of an actin filament (F and G actin) to mask the binding sites |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ have Ca++ binding sites |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the whole string of filamentous actin |
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Definition
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Term
| Each individual ball of actin (globular actin) is _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 parts of actin |
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Definition
1. filamentous actin
2. tropomyosin
3. troponin |
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Term
| _______ refers to the head of myosin |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ refers to the tail of myosin |
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Definition
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Term
| The main function of the ______ is to carry AP to center of muscle cell |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the receptor on the membrane of a T-tubule |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the receptor on the membrane of the lateral sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 things does Ca++ do to cause the muscle to contract? |
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Definition
1. binds to myosin ATP-ase (allows ATP to be bound)
2. binds to troponin binding site (causes TTC to change shape) |
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Term
| Myosin and actin form a ________ when their binding sites touch |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the shortening of the sarcomere that causes muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the Ca++ binding protein responsible for stopping muscle contraction by carrying Ca++ back to the pump, which has a high ______ for Ca++ (it acts like a sponge) |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is another Ca++ binding protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ describe the parts of the muscle that are elastic (not contractile) that allow the muscle to relax; e.g. titin, z-line, sarcolemma, connective tissue, tendons, ligaments |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the general stiffening of skeletal muscles when you die |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. Massive depolarization
2. lots Ca++
3. many crossbridges
4. no more ATP
5. muscles locked in contraction
6. lysosomes rupture and slowly leak enzymes that relax muscle |
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Term
| ______ is the force of contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the resistance to tension |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ describes typical muscle contraction in which tension is greater than load (e.g. load is moved) |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ describes a contraction in which the load is not moved (no appreciable sarcomere shortening) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 possible reasons isotonic contraction exists |
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Definition
1. load too heavy
2. load fixed/anchored
3. muscle fixed (someone restricting you) |
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Term
| Vt is proportional to axon _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is when increasing the intensity of the stimulus voltage will keep giving you the same tension |
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Definition
| Motor unit summation/recruitment |
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Term
| In a large muscle like the gastrocnemius, one neuron innervates ________# muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tradeoff to having a large neuron with rapid generation of power? |
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Definition
Fewer neurons = less control
contractions more like "all or none" than graded |
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Term
| What is the tradeoff to having fine control of muscles? |
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Definition
less speed/power
graded contractions |
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Term
| Small muscles like eye and facial muscles and the larynx have nerves that innvervate ______# muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is when increasing the frequency of the stimulus will result in maximum sustained contraction, or tetany |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the stair-stepped pattern leading up to tetany |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the period after tetany is over |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 metabolic fiber types and give an example of each |
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Definition
1. tonic - posture muscles
2. slow phasic - posture and locomotor muscles of sloths
3. fast phasic glycolytic - sprinter
4. fast phasic oxidative - marathon |
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Term
| ___________ are adaptions in skeletal muscle that allow it to function differently |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the fiber type that contracts slowly and is resistant to fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 2 reasons why tonic fiber contracts slowly |
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Definition
1. Type 1 myosin ATPase (splits ATP slowly)
2. non-excitable membrane |
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Term
| _______ is a type of innervation that requires every single cell to be innervated by a branch of the axon to make sure AP goes through because it is not propogated well |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the fiber type that contracts RELATIVELY slowly and is also resistant to fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
| Slow phasic fiber has Type ____ myosin ATPase, or intermediate turnover myosin ATPase |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 5 factors that contribute to the slow contraction of slow phasic fiber |
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Definition
1. Type 2A
2. typical excitable membrane
3. long sarcomeres
4. reduced SR (slow release Ca++)
5. irregular T-tubules |
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|
Term
| Give 2 factors as to why slow phasic fiber is resistant to fatigue |
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Definition
1. cycles at medium rate
2. myoglobin stores oxygen |
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Term
| ________ is the fiber type that contracts rapidly with power, but fatigues quickly |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 factors that contribute to why fast phasic glycolytic fiber contracts rapidly |
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Definition
1. type 2B myosin ATPase (high turnover)
2. extensive T-tubule/SR system (fast Ca++ delivery)
3. lots of parvalbumin (fast relaxation)
4. short sarcomere length |
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|
Term
| Why do fast phasic glycolytic fiber have so much power? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Give 3 reasons why fast phasic glycolytic fibers fatigue quickly |
|
Definition
1. glycolysis not efficient at making ATP
2. no myoglobin
3. few to no mitochondria |
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Term
| _______ is the oxygen carrying molecule that helps muscle take up oxygen from the blood and stores it for when the muscle needs it to help maintain aerobic metabolism |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ refers to species with unique lifestyles that incorporate myoglobin, e.g. diving mammals and migratory birds |
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Definition
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