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AP Exam 2 - Nervous System
AP Exam 2 - Nervous System
103
Biology
Undergraduate 4
03/19/2014

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Term
_________ is the jumping of action potential from one cell to another
Definition
AP Transmission
Term
________ is the transfer of AP from one neuron to another
Definition
Neuronal transmission
Term
_______ is the transfer of AP from a neuron to a muscle
Definition
Neuromuscular transmission
Term
________ refers to gross movement that involves using muscles to move
Definition
Motor movement
Term
_________ muscle is responsible for motor movement.
Definition
Skeletal
Term
_______ are neurons that connect to skeletal muscle.
Definition
Motor neurons
Term
Explain in detail the path of AP to skeletal muscle
Definition
Term
_________ refers to the action of the vesicle "bursting" on the side connected to the muscle membrane to release Ach into interstitial fluid
Definition
Exocytosis
Term
There are ________# of Ach molecules per vesicle
Definition
50,000
Term
Each Ach receptor binds ____# Ach molecules
Definition
2
Term
The Ach receptor is made up of ____# subunits
Definition
5
Term
Name the 5 subunits of the Ach receptor
Definition
2 alpha
1 beta
1 gamma
1 delta
Term
The Ach receptor is also a _____ channel, which is a ______-gated channel
Definition
Na+, ligand
Term
?
Definition
end plate potential
Term
_______ is also referred to as the "motor end plate"
Definition
NMJ
Term
______ is an enzyme that immediate stops the AP, shutting the Na+ gate
Definition
AchE
Term
______# vesicles must open simultaneously to dump Ach
Definition
200
Term
___% of Ach is lost in the synaptic cleft
Definition
90
Term
________ is a chemical that carries nerve impulse info. from one cell to another
Definition
Neurotransmitter
Term
T/F

NTs are present and synthesized in the post-synaptic membrane
Definition
F

presynaptic
Term
T/F

Direct application of NT to post synaptic membrane has less of an effect as the stimulation of the pre-synaptic membrane
Definition
F

same (you don't really need the pre-synaptic membrane)
Term
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are _______ receptors
Definition
cholinergic
Term
________ receptors are in the NMJ and nerve synapses
Definition
Nicotonic
Term
______ receptors are in the cardiac/smooth muscle and glands
Definition
Muscarinic
Term
Nicotonic receptors have __# isoforms
Definition
2 - muscle and nerve
Term
Muscarinic receptors have __# isoforms
Definition
5 - 2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 gamma, 1 delta
Term
______ is a blocker/inhibitor in nicotinic receptors
Definition
Curare
Term
_______ is a blocker/inhibitor in muscarinic receptors
Definition
Atropine
Term
Curare and atropine are ________ inhibitors
Definition
competative
Term
Clostridium tetani is a bacteria that results in _______
Definition
tetanus
Term
Clostridium botulinum is a bacteria that results in ______
Definition
botulism
Term
Some insecticides can act as Ach mimics or AchE, damaging the membrane by overstimulating the NMJ, aka ________
Definition
excitotoxicity
Term
______ muscle accounts for 30-40% of body mass
Definition
Skeletal
Term
_______ = thick filament
Definition
Myosin
Term
_______ = thin filament
Definition
actin
Term
______ is anchored at the z-line, but discontinuous in the middle
Definition
Actin
Term
______ is the space where the actin discontinuous (horizontally)
Definition
H-zone
Term
_____ is the area from one myosin to another (horizontally)
Definition
I-band
Term
______ is the flimsy internal membrane that wraps around the sarcomere
Definition
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
______ is the faint line that runs vertically in between z-lines and anchors the myosin
Definition
M-line
Term
_______ is the window from one z-line to another
Definition
Fenestrated collar
Term
_________ are filamentous proteins made up of actin and myosin
Definition
Myofilaments
Term
_____ is at the end of an actin filament that attaches to the z-line
Definition
Cap-z
Term
______ is at the end of an actin filament that discontinuous
Definition
Tropomodulin
Term
_____ are the infolding of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane at the z-line
Definition
T-tubules
Term
A ______ is a group of myofilaments
Definition
sarcomere
Term
______ is the area from one end of a myosin filament to the other end
Definition
A-band
Term
______ is a protein that anchors the actin filament to the z-line
Definition
Alpha actin
Term
_______ is a protein that anchors myosin to the m-line
Definition
Myomesin
Term
______ is the coiled, stringy protein that anchors myosin to the z-line
Definition
Titin
Term
_______ is a long string of sarcomeres
Definition
Myofibril
Term
Myofibrils bundled together create _______, which are myofibrils wrapped in sarcolemma
Definition
myofibers
Term
______ stores calcium around the z-line
Definition
Lateral sac
Term
________ = muscle cell shortening
Definition
Contraction
Term
During a contraction, what happens to the:
H-zone?
I-band?
A-band?
Definition
H - shrinks
I - shrinks
A - nothing
Term
_________ describes the active sliding of think filament INWARD over the surface of a thick filament
Definition
Sliding Filament Hypothesis
Term
______ is the filamentous protein that wraps around over the top of an actin filament (F and G actin) to mask the binding sites
Definition
Tropomyosin
Term
_______ have Ca++ binding sites
Definition
Troponin
Term
______ is the whole string of filamentous actin
Definition
F-actin
Term
Each individual ball of actin (globular actin) is _______
Definition
G-actin
Term
Name the 3 parts of actin
Definition
1. filamentous actin
2. tropomyosin
3. troponin
Term
_______ refers to the head of myosin
Definition
HMM - heavy meromyosin
Term
_______ refers to the tail of myosin
Definition
LMM - light meromyosin
Term
The main function of the ______ is to carry AP to center of muscle cell
Definition
T-tubule
Term
______ is the receptor on the membrane of a T-tubule
Definition
DHPR
Term
_______ is the receptor on the membrane of the lateral sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
ryanodyme R
Term
What 2 things does Ca++ do to cause the muscle to contract?
Definition
1. binds to myosin ATP-ase (allows ATP to be bound)
2. binds to troponin binding site (causes TTC to change shape)
Term
Myosin and actin form a ________ when their binding sites touch
Definition
crossbridge formation
Term
_____ is the shortening of the sarcomere that causes muscle contraction
Definition
Power stroke
Term
______ is the Ca++ binding protein responsible for stopping muscle contraction by carrying Ca++ back to the pump, which has a high ______ for Ca++ (it acts like a sponge)
Definition
Parvalbumin, affinity
Term
_______ is another Ca++ binding protein?
Definition
Calsequestrin
Term
_________ describe the parts of the muscle that are elastic (not contractile) that allow the muscle to relax; e.g. titin, z-line, sarcolemma, connective tissue, tendons, ligaments
Definition
Series Elastic Element
Term
_______ is the general stiffening of skeletal muscles when you die
Definition
Rigor mortis
Term
Explain rigor mortis
Definition
1. Massive depolarization
2. lots Ca++
3. many crossbridges
4. no more ATP
5. muscles locked in contraction
6. lysosomes rupture and slowly leak enzymes that relax muscle
Term
______ is the force of contraction
Definition
Tension
Term
_____ is the resistance to tension
Definition
Load
Term
________ describes typical muscle contraction in which tension is greater than load (e.g. load is moved)
Definition
Isotonic contraction
Term
_______ describes a contraction in which the load is not moved (no appreciable sarcomere shortening)
Definition
Isotonic contraction
Term
Name 3 possible reasons isotonic contraction exists
Definition
1. load too heavy
2. load fixed/anchored
3. muscle fixed (someone restricting you)
Term
Vt is proportional to axon _______
Definition
diameter
Term
________ is when increasing the intensity of the stimulus voltage will keep giving you the same tension
Definition
Motor unit summation/recruitment
Term
In a large muscle like the gastrocnemius, one neuron innervates ________# muscle fibers
Definition
1500-2000
Term
What is the tradeoff to having a large neuron with rapid generation of power?
Definition
Fewer neurons = less control

contractions more like "all or none" than graded
Term
What is the tradeoff to having fine control of muscles?
Definition
less speed/power

graded contractions
Term
Small muscles like eye and facial muscles and the larynx have nerves that innvervate ______# muscle fibers
Definition
15-20
Term
_______ is when increasing the frequency of the stimulus will result in maximum sustained contraction, or tetany
Definition
Temporal/wave summation
Term
_______ is the stair-stepped pattern leading up to tetany
Definition
Treppe
Term
_______ is the period after tetany is over
Definition
Fatigue
Term
Name the 4 metabolic fiber types and give an example of each
Definition
1. tonic - posture muscles
2. slow phasic - posture and locomotor muscles of sloths
3. fast phasic glycolytic - sprinter
4. fast phasic oxidative - marathon
Term
___________ are adaptions in skeletal muscle that allow it to function differently
Definition
Metabolic fiber types
Term
_______ is the fiber type that contracts slowly and is resistant to fatigue
Definition
Tonic
Term
Give 2 reasons why tonic fiber contracts slowly
Definition
1. Type 1 myosin ATPase (splits ATP slowly)
2. non-excitable membrane
Term
_______ is a type of innervation that requires every single cell to be innervated by a branch of the axon to make sure AP goes through because it is not propogated well
Definition
Polysynaptic innervation
Term
_________ is the fiber type that contracts RELATIVELY slowly and is also resistant to fatigue
Definition
Slow phasic
Term
Slow phasic fiber has Type ____ myosin ATPase, or intermediate turnover myosin ATPase
Definition
2A
Term
Give 5 factors that contribute to the slow contraction of slow phasic fiber
Definition
1. Type 2A
2. typical excitable membrane
3. long sarcomeres
4. reduced SR (slow release Ca++)
5. irregular T-tubules
Term
Give 2 factors as to why slow phasic fiber is resistant to fatigue
Definition
1. cycles at medium rate
2. myoglobin stores oxygen
Term
________ is the fiber type that contracts rapidly with power, but fatigues quickly
Definition
Fast phasic glycolytic
Term
Name 4 factors that contribute to why fast phasic glycolytic fiber contracts rapidly
Definition
1. type 2B myosin ATPase (high turnover)
2. extensive T-tubule/SR system (fast Ca++ delivery)
3. lots of parvalbumin (fast relaxation)
4. short sarcomere length
Term
Why do fast phasic glycolytic fiber have so much power?
Definition
largest diameter fibers
Term
Give 3 reasons why fast phasic glycolytic fibers fatigue quickly
Definition
1. glycolysis not efficient at making ATP
2. no myoglobin
3. few to no mitochondria
Term
_______ is the oxygen carrying molecule that helps muscle take up oxygen from the blood and stores it for when the muscle needs it to help maintain aerobic metabolism
Definition
Myoglobin
Term
________ refers to species with unique lifestyles that incorporate myoglobin, e.g. diving mammals and migratory birds
Definition
mb-red
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