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| medieval connected to witches to devil activity thereby making it a her act that had to be wiped out. Some were accused of practices and were burned at the stake, hung, executed. more than 100000 were prosecuted. |
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| 1618 to 1648. called the last of the religious wars. most of the fighting took place in Germanic lands of the Holy Roman Empire. Europe wide struggle. |
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| king of Sweden who helped to develop the first standing army of conscripts. known for military tactics. |
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| insured that all German states were freed to determine there own religion. religion and politics separate. |
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| conscript standing armies |
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| notable for flexibility of their tactics. all fired at once instead of by row. more mobile. after they shot their pistols they charged with swords. |
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| sovereign power belonged in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by Devine right. |
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| expressed his ideas in a book. politics drawn from the word of scripture. he was a French theologian and a court preacher. argued that government was divinely ordain so that humans can live in organized fashion. |
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| monarchy based on the belief that monarchs received their power directly from God and responsible to no one except God. |
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| cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin |
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| chief minister to King Louis 14. strengthened royal authority by eliminating private armies and fortifying the cities of the Huegonots. Mazarin- Richelieu successor and dominated the government. his rule was a revolt known as the aaFronde. |
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| nobles did not like Mazarine so they revolted. |
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| Louis 14 attemp to make France Catholic by destroying hugenot churches and schools, causing a mass emigration of skilled artist sans. |
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| the court of Louis the 14. near Paris, enormous palace, residents of the King, and also building for the Kings government. showed superiority in wealth, lavish. |
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| controller general of finances for Louis 14. sought to increase the wealth and power of France through general adherence to mercantilism. |
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| he instigated many wars and his effort to expand the power of France and Bourbon dynasty. |
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| ended the war of the Spanish succession. |
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| Frederick William the great elector. |
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| 1640-1688 laid the foundation for the Prussia state. came to power in the midst of the 30 years war. 40 men that absorbed half a f the states revenues. |
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| the evolution and f Brandenburg into a powerful state was largely the work of Hohenzollern dynasty which in 1415 had come to rule the insignificant principality in northeastern Germany. |
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| dynasty in 1415 that came to rule in northeastern Germany. in 1609 they inherited some lands in western Germany. by the 17 century they were the house of hohenzollerns Brandenburg Prussia. consisted of 3 disconnected masses of people. |
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| Austria took control of hungry, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia thus establishment g an Austrian empire in south Eastern Europe. |
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| was the new Tsar. beginning a dynasty that lasted until 1917. |
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| a new law that allowed all classes except the serfs to own land. |
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| Peter sought t gain control of it by abolishing the position patriarch and creating another body to make decisions for the church. |
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| unusual character. strong man, 6 feet 9 inches . coarse in his taste and rude behavior. wanted to westernize his country. modern. |
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| 21 year conflict between mainly the Swedish and Russian empires. |
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| Vienna and the Ottoman Empire |
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| Ottoman Empire- possessed an effective bureaucracy and military that conquered much of Eastern Europe. by 1699 it lost its farthest reaches |
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| also called the polish diet. 2 chamber assembly in which land owners completely dominated the few towns people and lawyers who were also members. |
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| occupied the stadholderate and most of the southern provinces and favored the development of a centralized government with themselves as hereditary monarchs |
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| replaced Antwerrp as the financial and commercial Capitol of Europe. over 30000 inhabitants.cthen doubled as refugees poured in. had to physically expand. |
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| 1603 the Tudor dynasty became extinct with the death of queen Elizabeth and the Stuart line of rulers was inaugurated with the accesion |
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| English Protestants ensured by Calvinist theology who whished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England. |
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| between puritans and parliament. parliament notorious. puritans believed they were fighting battles for the lord. 1649- Charles beheaded |
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| dedicated Puritan who helped form the new model army. unable to work with parliament, he relied on the military force to rule England. |
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| a radical group formed in England to push their agenda of advanced ideas such as freedom of speech, religious toleration, and a democratic republic. they argued for the right to vote. all men over 21, annual parliament, and women's equality with men and government programs to care for the poor.c |
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| began 1660. when the English Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles the 2 nd. after the interregnun that followed the wars of the 3 kingdoms. |
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| 1673- parliament passes this ( strong anti Catholics) and stated that only Anglicans could hold military and civil office. |
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| as an open an devout Catholic, his attempt to further Catholic interest made religion in nice more a primary cause of conflict between king and parliament. |
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| was alarmed by the revolutionary upheavals in his contemporary England. his name has been associated with the states claim to absolute authority over its subjects. |
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| viewed the exercise of political power differently from Hobbes and argued against the absolute rule of one man. wrote a political work called two treaties of government. |
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| specified the rights of parliament and laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy. |
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| a 16 th century artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down the high Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. |
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| Bernini- an Italian architect and sculpture who completed Saint peters Basilica at the Vatacan and designed the vast colonnade in closing the pizza in front of it. gentieleshchi- studied painted under her fathers direction.cbecame first women to be elected to the florentine academy of design. |
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| began in Italy in the last quarter of the 16 century. style was most whole heartedly embraced by the Catholic reform movement. sought to bring together the classical ideas o Renaissance art with the spiritual feelings of the 16 century religious revival. |
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| the French rejected the Baroque style as overly showy and impassioned. French remained committed to the classical values of the high Renaissance. |
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| a Dutch painter who painted opulent portraits and grandios scenes that eill often quite colorful. |
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| son of a glove maker. complex man of the theatre best known for writing plays. also an actor and shareholder and the cheif company of the time. |
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| set the agenda for play wrights. middle class background. incredibly prolific written and almost 1/3 of his 1500 plays survive. wrote his plays to please his audience. |
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| French playwrights. Racine followed closely the Greek classics and Moliere wrote produced and acted in a series of comedies. |
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