emphasis on the rights and liberties that individuals should possess in every well ordered, modern society; set a high value on representative government, laissez-faire, frowned upon established churches and landed aristocracies, accepted universal male suffrage (Libertarian) (Right); persons of the business and professional classes

·         upheld institutions of absolute monarchy, aristocracy, and church and opposed the constitutional and representative government sought by liberals, institutions change by gradual adaptations  and that no people could suddenly realize in the present any freedoms not already well prepared for in the past   (right)

         complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law  (right)

      a heightened sense of the reality of cruelty inflicted upon others, torture gone, conditions in prisons, hospitals, insane asylums, and orphanages improved, people became more concerned about the misery of pauper children, chimney sweeps, women in mines, black slaves, degradation of human beings considered foreign to true civilization (left)

     conception of national spirit, cultural nationalism, political nationalism, all persons of the same nationality/language should be in the same state, deliberate and conscious program for political action of peoples of the same nationality that were politically divided or subject to foreign rule (right)

  collectivism in a classless society, abolishment of private ownership (left)

     an economic system based on private ownership of capital, laissez-faire, Adam Smith, wealth of nations, invisible hand (right)

    human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism  (left)

    theory of literature and the arts, love of the unclassifiable, saw expression of an inner genius, loved the mysterious,  celebrated idiosyncratic visions of creative individuals, rejected emphasis on classical rule, insisted on the value of feeling as well as reason (neither)

Tory governing class hoped to preserve Old England that they had so valiantly saved from Bonaparte

maintain a system in which the prestige of the Habsburg dynasty should be supreme

A revolt staged by Upper-class youths when Napoleon returned from Elba in 1815.  They murdered Bonapartists and republicans; Catholic mobs seized and killed Protestants

a fanatical workingman assassinated the king's nephew, the Duke de Berry (part of the Counter Revolution)

Louis XVIII die and was succeeded by his brother Charles X who was also known as the Count of Artois ; leader of the counterrevolution during the FR (one of the first to emigrate in 1789); stamped out revolutionary republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism

A youth German nationalist movement intended to act on nationalistic desires; carried with them a democratic opposition to aristocrats, princes, and kings.

raising the protective tariff to the point where import of grain became impossible unless prices were high; landlords thrived, wage workers were crushed and called for reform

Wages fell, many people out of work

            Riots and Demonstrations carried out (London, 1816; Manchester, 1819- 80,000 people)

outlawed seditious and blasphemous literature, put a heavy stamp tax on newspapers, authorized the search of private houses for arms, and rigidly restricted the right of public meeting

a group of revolutionaries plotted to kill entire cabinets and were caught in Cato Street in London in 1820--thus the name "Cato Street Conspiracy"

spent seven years in prison for publishing works of Thomas Paine

Left- Socialism, Republicanism, Radicalism,

Right- Liberalism, Conservatism