energy can flow in and out

matter can flow in, but not out

Isolated System

usually shown with arrows to indicate movement

Inputs and Outputs

usually shown with boxes

indicate matter or energy remaining in an area for a period of time

Conservation of Energy

Energy is not created nor destroyed, but changing in form

NSP=GSP-R-Waste

NPP=GPP-R

R=Resperation 

GSP=Energy

Waste=well, waste

GPP=Gross Primary Productivity

non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment which affect ecosystems.

light or more generally radiation, temperature, water, the chemical surrounding composed of the terrestrialatmospheric gases, as well as soil

3rd Order-.1% energy

2nd Order-1% energy 

1st Order-10% energy

Producers (Autotrophs)-100% energy

90% energy lost in system

Sun-Producer

Photosynthesis

energy is lost to the system as heat

Symbiosis: Mutualism, Parasitism, Commensialism

Mutualism: any relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals derive a benefit

Parasitism: relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed.

Commensialism: describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped.

Predator/Prey: describes a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked)/

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Cellular Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O_{2 =} 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy

Gross: total gain in energy over time, by photosynthesis in producers and by absorption in consumers-total amount of energy

Net: the gain in energy minus respiration loss-amount of energy that can be passed

Gross:rate at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass

Net: aount of energy available to the consumer

NPP=GPP-R

biomass gained at the consumer level, looks at energy available (foot eaten/assimilated) minus respiration and waste

NSP=GSP-R-Waste

Primary:is one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which newsubstrate devoid of vegetation and usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited. In other words, it is the gradual growth of an ecosystem over a longer period of time. 

Secondary: secondary succession is a process started by an event^[1] (e.g. forest fire, harvesting, hurricane) that reduces an already established ecosystem (e.g. a forest or a wheat field) to a smaller population of species, and as such secondary succession occurs on preexisting soil whereas primary succession usually occurs in a place lacking soil.

majority lies within glaciers and iceburgs

others from freshwater streams and lakes

then underground water supply

Water Cycle

Nutrients enriching a stream or pond:

• Natural- nutrient runoff from environment, high dissolved oxygen.
• Cultural- from humans, low dissolved oxygen. 

refers to both water and air pollution from diffuse sources.

such as run-off from agriculture areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea

Agriculture: 71%

Industry: 20%

Domestic and Municipal: 9%

lichens-->mosses-->grasses-->shrubs-->trees

(Bare rock from a pioneer community to a forest community)

Density: # plants

            Area

Frequency: # quadrats found

                 total quad sample

Simpson's Index:     n(n-1) 

                             sum of n(n-1)

• Group one- sensitive to pollutants (caddisfly, dobsonfly, stonefly, mayfly)
• Group two- somewhat sensitive to pollutants (cranefly, damselfly, crayfish, dragonfly)
• Group three- very tolerant to pollutants (leech, pouch snail, blackfly, aquatic worm)

• Rivers- flowing water, depend on the land for a lot of their energy, more oxygenated
• Lakes/ponds- standing water, temperatures change with depth, oxygen levels depend on temperatures.
• Wetlands- soil rich in organic material, can support a variety of organisms, cleanse water by holding pollutants in the soil.

Crystal shape, density, color, luster, cleavage & fracture, hardness, magnetism, reaction with acid, and solubility in water.

• Can contain fossils
• Sediment type (sandstone, conglomerate) and precipitation type (limestone).
• Weathering/erosion
• Compacting and cementing 

• Extrusive- lava, cools quickly, pores/holes, exterior of the earth (pumice and scoria).
• Intrusive- magma, cools slowly, crystals, form in the ground (granite).

Form at hight temperatures and high pressure. 

limestone-->marble

shale-->slate

granite-->gneiss

• Exploration- locate mineral deposites through aerial and satellite photography.
• Extraction- surface and subsurface mining.
• Processing/refining- ore is melted to separate impurities (smelting).
• Restoration- create wetlands near the site, fill in land to recreate natural contours.

• Open pit- giant holes are dug (quarries) to extract iron, copper, stone, etc.
• Strip- a trench is dug to extract the minerals and another is dug parallel to it to collect loose rocks.
• Underground- shaft mine (direct vertical shaft to vein of ore) or slope mine (slanted passages for mine cars).

• All rocks melt into magma
• Magma cools and hardens to form igneous rock
• Heat and pressure turn igneous rock into metamorphic rock
• Compacting and cementing of sediment forms sedimentary rock