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| The applied branch of sociology that deals with population statistics and provides information on the populations of various countries or groups of people |
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| The number of deaths per 1000 people per year |
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| The number of births per 1000 people per year |
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| A freshwater ecosystem such as a river or stream in which the water flows in a current |
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| A body of fresh water that is surrounded by land and that does not flow; a lake or a pond |
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| Fungi or bacteria that recycle nutrients from dead tissues and wastes back into an ecosystem |
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| An organism that must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms (same as consumer) |
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| An organism that uses the energy of the sun to produce usable forms of energy (same as autotroph) |
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| A symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit |
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| Any intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species; includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism |
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| The interaction among organisms that vie for the same resources (such as food or living space) in a ecosystem |
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| Any environmental resource that because it is scarce of at unfavorable levels, restricts the ecological niche of an organism |
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| The elimination of a species from Earth |
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| males:females in a population |
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| The area of shore line between low and high tides |
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| A type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other one is neither harmed nor helped |
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| A group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed with one another in the wild to produce fertile offspring |
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| The global circulation of sulfur from the environment to living organisms and back to the environment |
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| The movement of water through the biosphere |
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| The global circulation of nitrogen from the environment to living organisms and back to the environment |
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| The global circulation of carbon from the environment to living organisms and back to the environment |
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| Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) |
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| The U.N. Millennium Declaration committed their countries to a global partnership with a concrete plan of action |
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| The ocean floor, which extends from the intertidal zone to the deep ocean trenches |
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| A species whose population has declined to the point that it may be at risk of extinction |
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| The global circulation of phosphorus from the environment to living organisms and back to the environment |
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| An organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles |
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| The social construct that results in women not having the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men. |
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| Providing information about birth control methods, to help people have the number of children they want |
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| Population growth momentum |
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| The continued growth of a population after fertility rates have declined, as a result of a population's young age structure. Can be either positive or negative but is usually discusses in a positive context |
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| The condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition |
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| Someone who is in favor of population growth |
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| A way of life that involves wanting and spending less |
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| The ideas and customs of a group of people at a given period; passed from generation to generation; evolves over time |
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| The rate of change of a population's size, expressed in a % per year |
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| Current world growth rate |
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| An expansion in a government's economy, viewed by many as the best way to raise the standard of living |
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| Disease, Famine, Warfare, Death |
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| 4 horsemen of the apocalypse |
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| Total fertility rates (TFRs) |
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| The average number of children born per woman during her lifetime |
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| A costal body of water, partly surrounded by land, with access to the open ocean and a large supply of fresh water from a river |
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| NPK = Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium |
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| 3 macronutrients for fertilizer |
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| Relatively small areas of land that contain an exceptional number of endemic species and are at high risk from human activities |
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| The part of the pelagic environment that overlies the ocean floor from the shoreline to a depth of 200m (650ft) |
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| Foreign species that spread rapidly in a new area where they are free of predators, parasites, or resource limitations that may have controlled their populations in their native habitat |
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| Study of the historical condition of a human damaged ecosystem with the goal of restraining it as close as possible to its former state |
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| An organism that uses the energy of the sun to produce usable forms of energy (same as producer) |
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| First law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy can not be created or destroyed, although it can change from one form to another |
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| A natural association that consists of all the populations of different species that live and interact within an area at the same time |
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| A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with a similar climate soil, plants, and animals, regardless of where it occurs in the world |
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| A representation of the interlocking food chains that connect all organisms in an ecosystem |
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| The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water |
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| Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) |
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| The basic immigration law in effect in the United States. It gives three groups priority when migrating to the United States: those with family member living in the US, those who can fill vacant jobs, and refugees seeking asylum |
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| The study of systems that include interactions among organisms and between organisms and their abiotic environment |
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| Important environmental benefits that ecosystems provide to people; include clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, and fertile soil in which to grow crops |
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| The six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur |
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| An organism's position in a food chain which is determined by its feeding relationships |
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| The proportional reflectance of solar energy from Earth's surface, commonly express as a percentage |
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| The parts of Earth's atmosphere, ocean, land surface, and soil that contain all living organisms |
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| The totality of an organisms adaptions, its use of resources and the lifestyle to which it is fitted |
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| The change in species composition that takes place after some disturbance destroys the existing vegetation; soil is already present |
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| Exponential population growth |
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| The accelerating population growth that occurs when optimal conditions allow a constant reproductive rate over a period of time |
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| The sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers |
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| The probability a given individual in a population will survive to a particular age |
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| Net primary productivity (NPP) |
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| Productivity after respiration losses are subtracted |
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| The consumption of one species (the prey) by another (the predator) |
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| The change in species composition over time in a previously uninhabited environment |
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| Movement from one region or country to another |
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| The number of species in a community |
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| An organism that must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms (same as heterotroph) |
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| A community and its physical environment |
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| An environmental factor whose effects on a population change as population density changes |
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| Density-independent factor |
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| An environmental factor that affects the size of a population but is not influenced by changes in population density |
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| A biome with mild, moist winters and hot, dry summers; vegetation is typically small leaved evergreen shrubs and small trees |
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| A biome in which the lack of precipitation limits plant growth; found in both temperate and subtropical regions |
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| Temperate deciduous forest |
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| A forest biome that occurs in temperate areas with a moderate amount of precipitation |
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| A tropical grassland with widely scattered trees or clumps of trees |
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| A lush species-rich forest biome that occurs where the climate is warm and moist throughout the year |
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| The treeless biome in the far north that consists of boggy plains covered by lichens and small plants such as mosses; has harsh, very cold winters and extremely short summers |
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| Lands that shallow fresh water covers for at least part of the years; has a characteristic soil and water-tolerant vegetation |
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| A grassland with hot summers, cold winters, and less rainfall than the temperate deciduous forest biome |
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| A region of coniferous forest (such as pine, spruce, and fir) in the Northern Hemisphere; located just south of the tundra |
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| A coniferous biome with cool weather, dense fog, and high precipitation |
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| The maximum number of individuals of a given species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming there are no changes in the environment |
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| National marine sanctuary |
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| A marine ecosystem set aside to minimize human impacts and protect unique natural resources and historic sites |
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| Scientific study of how humans impact organisms and of the development of ways to protect biological diversity |
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| The layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth's surface |
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| The layer of the atmosphere found directly above the troposphere |
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Moose and wolves
Island in Lake Superior |
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| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is adversely affected |
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| A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time |
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| The application of conservation principle to manage wild species and their habitats for human benefit or for the welfare of other species |
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| Second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| When energy is converted from one form to another, some of it is degraded into heat, a less usable form that disperses into the environment |
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| The branch of biology that deals with the numbers of a particular species found in an area and how and why those numbers change (or remain fixed) over time |
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| The number, variety, and variability of Earth's organisms; consists of three components; genetic diversity, species richness, and ecosystem diversity |
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| A british economist who was one of the first to recognize that the human population cannot increase indefinitely |
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| Individuals leave a population and decrease its size |
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| Individuals enter a population and increase its size |
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| The process in which better adapted individuals-those with a combination of genetic traits better suited to environmental conditions- are more likely to survive and reproduce, increasing their proportion in the population |
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| The number of infant deaths (under age 1) per 1000 live births |
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| A species that faces threats that may cause it to become extinct within a short period |
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| Population growth momentum |
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Definition
| The potential for future increases or decreases in a population based on the present age structure |
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| Intrinsic rate of increase |
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Definition
| The exponential growth of a population that occurs under ideal conditions |
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| The number and proportion of people at each age in a population |
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| The process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose |
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| Cumulative genetic changes that occur over time in a population of organisms; it explains many patterns observed in the natural world |
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| A species, often a predator, that exerts a profound influence on a community in excess of that expected by its relative abundance |
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| Chestnut tree blight, RIFA, Zebra Mussel, Asian subterranean termite, Brown Tree snake-Guam, Mongoose, Purple Loosestrife, Lamprey |
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Definition
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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Definition
| market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period |
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| Plates under the ocean; made of basaltic rock; high density |
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| These types of species require a very specific environment. When that environment is damaged they will decline indicating a problem in the space. Ex. Large mouth bass in central Florida lakes. (BOD) |
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| occurred on 26 April 1986; An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere; concrete |
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| a portion of one block of Tectonic plates, which is not submerged in water |
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1-dirty (maintenance of mine, tools and carrier)
2-black lung disease
3-Higher prices for better coal
4-Surface mining (strip mining) disrupts the environment by removing the overburden. (open pit mining)
5-Underground mining requires a vertical shaft and is risky if the mine collapses
6-Mercury emissions-teratogen
7-Acid mine drainage- sulfur from mine mixes with water oxygen and bacteria creating sulfuric acid which can escape from the mine
8-Scrubbers- desulfurize the power plants exhaust. Chemicals (LIME or Calcium Oxide) in the scrubber react with sulfur causing it to precipitate out. Modern scrubbers remove 98-99 percent of sulfur and particulate matter in the exhaust. Scrubbers represent about 10-15 percent of cost of construction in a new coal powered plant.
9-burning coal for electricity is at best 35% efficient (most energy is lost as waste heat)
10- electrostatic precipitator
New coal technology-
1- Coal gasification
2-carbon sequestration |
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Definition
1-primarily used as transportation fuel. Also used for heating oil, asphalt, and 3% of US electricity production
2-The US uses 380 million gallons of gasoline per day
3-Difficult to find; much of the easily found oil already discovered and tapped.
4-High cost of drilling off shore, both financial and environmental in scope
5-When natural pressure isn’t present oil must be pumped thus more $$
6-Present technology and drilling costs only allows for about 1/3 of oil in a well to be extracted
7-Danger of oil spills- tankers, drilling rigs, pipeline burst, small leaks
8- forecast of supply
9- around 14% of oil at wellhead makes it to the cars gas tank, leaks, inefficiency in refining, energy to transport the fuel all eat away at original purpose |
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Definition
1-Pipeline in some areas of the world to transport Natgas are impractical
2-Explosions while transporting Natgas in liquid form
3-Odor problems |
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