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| using elements symbolically to represent abstractions and literal meanings (deals with moral truth) |
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annie ate apples
(reinforce meanings, unify ideas) |
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| direct or indirect reference to a well-known event, book, place, etc |
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multiple meanings of a word or phrase
sense of uncertainty |
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| similarity or comparison between two unlike things |
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| word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun |
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a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, or phrases
"too black for heaven, too white for hell" |
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| statement of known authorship that expresses a moral truth |
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| figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction (liberty, love) |
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| emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, foreshadows events |
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| representation in which characteristics are exaggerated |
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figure of speech based on inverted parallelism
"ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country" |
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a grammatical unit containing both a subject and a verb
- indep: stand alone
- dep: needs indep |
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| fanciful expression, extended metaphor, or surprising analogy |
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| nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; implied, suggested meaning |
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| strict, literal meaning of a word |
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agreeable substitutes for less pleasant words or concepts
"earthly remains" instead of "corpse" |
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| a metaphor developed at great length |
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| writing or speech not intended to carry a literal meaning; imaginative and vivid |
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| device used to produce figurative language |
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| traditions for each genre |
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major category into which a literary work fits
- prose: fiction, nonfiction
- poetry: lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic
- drama: tragedy, comedy |
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| "sermon", serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice |
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| deliberate exaggeration or overstatement |
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| to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented |
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| emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language |
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contrast between what is stated and what is meant
- verbal: words are literally opposite
- situational: events aren't expected
- dramatic: audience knows, characters don't |
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| placing dissimilar items or ideas next to each other |
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| mistake in verbal reasoning |
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| main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical clauses |
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| figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things |
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name of an object is substituted for one similar to it
"White House declared" "the President declared" |
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traditional categories of literal texts
- exposition: inform
- narration: tell a story
- description: sensory images
- argumentation: takes a stand on an issue |
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- grammatical, deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude (indicative/factual, subjunctive/doubtful, conditional; imperative/commands}
- prevailing atmosphere or aura of a work |
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| natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words |
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contradictory terms to invoke a paradox
jumbo shrimp |
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self-contradicting statement
"fair is foul, foul is fair" -Macbeth |
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parallel structure
"it was the best of times, it was the worst of times" |
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| imitates another work for ridicule |
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| inspire emotional reaction from audience, evoke pity or sorrow |
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| adjective describing words or phrases that are overly scholarly or bookish |
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| describing inanimate objects with human traits |
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perspective in which story is told
- first-person
- third-person (omniscient, limited omniscient) |
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subject complement, group of adjectives or adjective clauses
"tall, dark, and handsome boyfriend" |
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nouns that follow a helping verb and replace other noun
"Abe Lincoln was a man of integrity" |
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| major genre of literature, fiction and nonfiction |
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| duplication of an element of language |
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from Greek "orator"
principles governing the art of writing effectively |
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persuasive device by which a writer tries to sway attention
- logos: logical reasoning
- ethos: credibility in speaker
- pathos: emotions and interests |
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variety, conventions, and purposes of writing
- exposition: explain information
- argumentation: prove validity of a point
- narration: tell a story
- description: visually present information |
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| a question asked for effect and not intended for reply |
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| bitter, caustic language meant to hurt or ridicule |
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| work that targets for ridicule |
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| explicit comparison using "like" "as" "if" |
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- evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices
- classification of authors by similar techniques |
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| word or clause that follows a linking verb and completes the subject by renaming it or describing it |
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| contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone |
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deductive system of formal logic
- major: all men are mortal
- minor: socrates is a man
- conclusion: socrates is mortal |
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anything that represents or stands for something else
- natural: use objects and occurrences from nature
- conventional: religious, items with meanings related to groups
- literary: found in a variety of works |
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| way an author chooses to join words, phrases, clauses, and sentences |
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| central idea or message of a work |
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| group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, meaning, purpose, or proposition |
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| author's attitude to his or her material, audience, or both |
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| word or phrase that links different ideas |
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ironic minimizing of a fact, opposite of hyperbole
- litotes: affirmation is made indirectly by denying the opposite
- meiosis: something is referred to in terms less important than it deserves |
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| intellectually amusing language |
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