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| The device of using character and/or story elements to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. It often deals with an abstraction like hope, freedom, or moral truth. |
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The repetition of sounds that reinforce meaning, and unify ideas (e.g. "she sells sea shells"). |
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| A direct or indirect reference to something which is commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. |
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| The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. |
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| A similarity or comparison between two different things. They often make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. |
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| One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences (e.g. "it was the best of times, it was the worst of times"). |
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| A short narrative referring to an incident in the life of a person. |
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| The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. |
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| Expresses a general truth or a moral principle. Can be a memorable summation of the author's point. |
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A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction (such as liberty or love). |
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| The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. |
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| A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent/main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent/subordinate clause cannot, and must be accompanied by an independent clause. |
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| The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Unacceptable for formal writing, and they give a work a more conversational and familiar tone. |
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| A principle demanding that the parts of any composition can be arranged so that the meaning of the whole idea may be immediately clear and intelligible. |
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| Usually in the form of an extended metaphor or analogy. Displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made. |
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| The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word that involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes. |
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