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AP ENGLISH FINAL
Literary Terms
68
English
12th Grade
12/17/2007

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Term
TERMS TO KNOW

anaphora
Definition
repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses.
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

asyndeton
Definition
deliberate omission of conjunctions between a series
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

anadiplosis
Definition
repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

epanalepsis
Definition
repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

polyptoton
Definition
repetition of words derived from the same root
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

periodic sentence
Definition
A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This endependent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP scores, I let out a loud shout of joy!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety.
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

loose sentence
Definition
A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational.
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

metaphor
Definition
comparing two things without using like or as

the world is one big melting pot

lol
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

Analogy
Definition
I don't know how to define this, but I think you know what it means. I'll try to come back and fix it, but who knows!
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

Litotes
Definition
deliberate use of an understatement.
Term
TERMS TO KNOW

syllogism
Definition
deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises
Term
Terms to Know

Enthymeme
Definition
a form of syllogism in which one of the premises is omitted and and assumed to be understood by the audience
Term
Terms to Know

Inductive Reasoning
Definition
Making a generalization from specific cases; used to formulate a general rule after examining a pattern.
Term
Terms to Know

Deductive Reasoning
Definition
The process of reasoning logically from given statements to a conclusion Context: The Pythagorean Theorem was proved using deductive reasoning.
Term
Terms to Know

Ethos
Definition
Ethos is appeal based on the character of the speaker. An ethos-driven document relies on the reputation of the author.
Term
Terms to Know

Pathos
Definition
Pathos is appeal based on emotion. Advertisements tend to be pathos-driven.
Term
Terms to Know

Logos
Definition
Logos is appeal based on logic or reason. Documents distributed by companies or corporations are logos-driven. Scholarly documents are also often logos-driven.
Term
Terms to Know

Ad hominem fallacy
Definition
attacking your opponent personally rather than her/his argument.
Term
Terms to Know

Hasty Generalization
Definition
speaker does not have enough evidence to support the broad conclusions drawn. look for words like always, never, and everyone.
Term
Terms to Know

Either/or fallacy
Definition
occurs when a speaker makes a claim that presents an artificial range of choices.

For instance, he may suggest that there are only two choices possible, when three or more really exist. Those who use an either/or fallacy try to force their audience to accept a conclusion by presenting only two possible options, one of which is clearly more desirable.
Term
Terms to Know

Non sequitur
Definition
an idea which does not follow

obvious i think, right? idkidkikd
Term
Terms to Know

post hoc, ergo propter hoc
Definition
"after this, therefore because of this", is a logical fallacy which states, "Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one." The fallacy lies in coming to a conclusion based solely on the order of events, rather than taking into account other factors that might rule out the connection. Most familiarly, many superstitious beliefs and magical thinking arise from this fallacy.


EX: "I can't help but think that you are the cause of this problem; we never had any problem with the furnace until you moved into the apartment." The manager of the apartment house, on no stated grounds other than the temporal priority of the new tenant's occupancy, has assumed that the tenant's presence has some causal relationship to the furnace's becoming faulty.
Term
Terms to Know

propaganda
Definition
information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
Term
Terms to Know

Bandwagon
Definition
fallacy....everybody's doing something, therefore you should too.
Term
Terms to Know

Parallel Structure
Definition
the repeating of phrases and sentences that are syntactically similar
Term
Terms to Know

repetition
Definition
The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. When repetition is poorly done, it bores, but when it's when done, it links and emphasizes ideas while allowing the reader the comfort of recognizing something familiar.
Term
Terms to Know

Rhetorical Question
Definition
askng a question, not for the purpose of eliciting an answer but for the purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely
Term
Terms to Know

Rhetorical Fragment
Definition
CANT FIND
Term
Terms to Know

Anaphora
Definition
using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy')
Term
Terms to Know

Chiasmus
Definition
Figure of speech where the second half of a phrase reverses the order of the first half eg Samuel Johnson's "For we that live to please, must please to live."
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Terms to Know

Inverted Order
Definition
SAME AS CHIASMUS
Term
Terms to Know

Antimetabole
Definition
In rhetoric, antimetabole is the repetition of words in successive clauses, but in reverse grammatical order (ex: "I know what I like, and like what I know"). It is similar to chiasmus although chiasmus does not use repetition of the same words or phrases.
Term
Terms to Know

Anthimeria
Definition
Substituting one part of speech for another. For instance, using a noun as a verb, ie, "She flowered toward the sun. "
Term
Diction Terms

Monosyllabic
Definition
one syllable
Term
Diction Terms

Polysyllabic
Definition
two or more syllables
Term
Diction Terms

Denotative
Definition
the exact meaning of a word, without the feelings or suggestions that the word may imply. It is the opposite of “connotation” in that it is the “dictionary” meaning of a word, without attached feelings or associations.
Term
Diction Terms

Connotation
Definition
an association that comes along with a particular word. Connotations relate not to a word's actual meaning, or denotation, but rather to the ideas or qualities that are implied by that word. A good example is the word "gold." The denotation of gold is a malleable, ductile, yellow element. The connotations, however, are the ideas associated with gold, such as greed, luxury, or avarice.
Term
Diction Terms

Euphonious
Definition
pleasing to the ear
Term
Diction Terms

Cacophonous
Definition
loud and noisy; not pleasing to the ear.
Term
MOre R & A TERMS

rhetoric
Definition
from the greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.
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MORE R & A TERMS

Simile
Definition
comparing two things with like or as
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MORE R & A TERMS

hyperbole
Definition
an extreme exaggeration
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MORE R & A TERMS

Apostrophe
Definition
A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shoudldst be living at this hour: England hath need thee."
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MORE R & A TERMS

antithesis
Definition
exact opposite of

(not sure if this has to do with structure, though)
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MORE R & A TERMS

paradox
Definition
a statement that contradicts itself; "`I always lie' is a paradox because if it is true it must be false"
Term
oxymoron
Definition
pretty ugly, jumbo shirmp
Term
satire
Definition
human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, or other methods, ideally with an intent to bring about improvement
Term
appositive
Definition
wo elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other

For example in the phrase "my friend Alice" the name "Alice" is in apposition to "my friend".
Term
anecdote
Definition
a short tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical incident
Term
euphemism
Definition
substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener
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allegory
Definition
representation conveying a meaning other than the literal.
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epic
Definition
a long narrative poem
Term
epic simile
Definition
An extended simile elaborated in great detail. Also called Homeric simile .
Term
symbolic retribution
Definition
punishments used in datnes inferno
Term
terza rima
Definition
rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three line rhyme scheme. It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri
Term
synecdoche
Definition
specific part is used to represent the whole or vice versa
Term
metonymy
Definition
substitution of a word for another with which it is associated
Term
catharsis
Definition
purging of emotions. People are led to an emotional mean, a balance of emotions
Term
tragic hero
Definition
Term
exposition
Definition
The part of a play that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and the action.
Term
inciting event
Definition
an event that introduces the reader to the conflict
Term
complication/rising action
Definition
event that builds toward the climax
Term
hubris
Definition
arrogant pride
Term
anagnorisis - crisis scene
Definition
change from ignorance to knowledge. a character gains insight into the truth and accepts responsibility
Term
reversal - peripeteia
Definition
from good to bad. bad is better because it causes more pity and fear
Term
catastrophe/denouement
Definition
unraveling of the plot
Term
motif
Definition
a usually recurring salient thematic element, a dominant idea or central theme
Term
imagery
Definition
figurative language
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