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| An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. |
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| The repetition of an initial consonant sound. |
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| A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event--real or fictional. |
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| The presence of two or more possible meanings in any passage. |
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The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.
Ex: I want to win the game, I want to recieve a medal, I want to believe. My true desires. |
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(1) A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion.
(2) A brief statement of a principle. |
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| A fallacy that uses an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusion's correctness. |
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| Characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English. |
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| The emotional implications and associations that a word may carry. |
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| A method of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises. |
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| The direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings. |
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(1) The choice and use of words in speech or writing.
(2) A way of speaking, usually assessed in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and elocution. |
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| Intended or inclined to teach or instruct, often excessively. |
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| The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses. |
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| An argument that commits the logical fallacy of assuming what it is attempting to prove. |
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(1) A short inscription in prose or verse on a tombstone or monument.
(2) A statement or speech commemorating someone who has died: a funeral oration. |
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| The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. |
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| A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem. |
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| A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; an extravagant statement. |
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| A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances. |
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| Vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses. |
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| The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is directly contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea. |
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| The specialized language of a professional, occupational, or other group, often meaningless to outsiders. |
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| A sentence structure in which a main clause is followed by subordinate phrases and clauses. Contrast with periodic sentence. |
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A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something important in common |
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(1) The quality of a verb that conveys the writer's attitude toward a subject.
(2) The emotion evoked by a text. |
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| The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. |
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| A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side. |
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A statement that appears to contradict itself. |
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| The similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. |
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| A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final word--usually with an emphatic climax. |
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| A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities. |
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| Ordinary writing (both fiction and nonfiction) as distinguished from verse. |
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| Refutation (Argumentation) |
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| The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view. |
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| An instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short passage--dwelling on a point. |
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| The study and practice of effective communication. |
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| A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected. |
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| A mocking, often ironic or satirical remark. |
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| A text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack human vice, foolishness, or stupidity. |
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| A figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by "like" or "as." |
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| Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament speech or writing; broadly, as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. |
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| A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. |
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| A person, place, action, or thing that (by association, resemblance, or convention) represents something other than itself. |
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(1) The study of the rules that govern the way words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.
(2) The arrangement of words in a sentence. |
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| The main idea of an essay or report, often written as a single declarative sentence. |
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| A writer's attitude toward the subject and audience. Tone is primarily conveyed through diction, point of view, syntax, and level of formality. |
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| A figure of speech in which a writer deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. |
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(1) The quality of a verb that indicates whether its subject acts (active voice) or is acted upon (passive voice).
(2) The distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or narrator. |
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| A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution. |
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| An arguable statement, which may be a claim of fact, value, or policy. |
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