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| a person attempts to create support for his or her idea by increasing fear and prejudice toward a competitor. |
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| someone tries to win support for their argument or idea by exploiting her or his opponent's feelings of pity or guilt. |
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| a person uses flattery, excessive compliments, in an attempt to win support for their side. |
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| qualities in a product that appeal to the snobbery in a purchaser |
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| If many believe so, it is so. |
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| bases the truth value of an assertion on the authority, knowledge, expertise, or position of the source asserting it. |
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| the speaker presents him or herself as an Average Joe, a common person who can understand and empathize with a listener's concerns. |
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| verbiage that attempts to influence the listener or reader by appealing to emotion.those which have strong emotional overtones or connotations, and which evoke strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning. |
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| which it is claimed that a premise is true only because it has not been proven false or is false only because it has not been proven true. |
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| Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc |
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| "Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one." |
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| a comment which, due to its lack of meaning relative to the comment it follows, is absurd to the point of being humorous or confusing.can denote an abrupt, illogical, unexpected or absurd turn of plot or dialogue not normally associated with or appropriate to that preceding it. |
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| replying to an argument or factual claim by attacking or appealing to a characteristic or belief of the source making the argument or claim, rather than by addressing the substance of the argument or producing evidence against the claim. |
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| a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, when in fact there are other options. |
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| consists of an error in the substance of an argument, not an error in the logical structure of the argument. |
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| an inductive argument based on insufficient evidence. |
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| when it is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes. |
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| the proposition to be proved is assumed implicitly or explicitly in one of the premises. circular argument. |
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| an argument, given in reply, that does not address the original issue.a deliberate attempt to change the subject or divert the argument. |
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| one describes a position that superficially resembles an opponent's actual view, yet is easier to refute. Then, one attributes that position to the opponent. |
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| It suggests that an action will initiate a chain of events culminating in an undesirable event later without establishing or quantifying the relevant contingencies. |
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| a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared, using like/as |
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| a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance, not using like/as |
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| something used for or regarded as representing something else. |
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| the use in the same expression of two or more comparisons that are incongruous or illogical when combined, as in “The president will put the ship of state on its feet.” |
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| a comparison that has occurred so often that it has become a new meaning of the expression |
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| the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt. |
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| a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, the special for the general or the general for the special, as in ten sail for ten ships or a Croesus for a rich man. |
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| the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions |
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| a ghostly double or counterpart of a living person. |
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| a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. |
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| a figure of speech by which a locution produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory effect, as in “cruel kindness” or “to make haste slowly.” |
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| a literary technique that authors use to draw allusions between their characters and the biblical Jesus Christ. a spiritual or prophetic character who parallels Jesus, or other spiritual or prophetic figures. |
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| an ironic plot device in which a surprising or unexpected event occurs in a story's plot, suddenly and completely resolving an otherwise unsolvable conflict. |
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| a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication. |
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| the substitution of an incorrect word for a word with a similar sound, usually to comic effect. |
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| the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. |
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| a construct created in a suitable format (written, spoken, poetry, prose, images, song, theater or dance) that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. |
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| a visualization such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. |
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| a literary work that looks at two viewpoints and their similarities and differences. |
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| the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or colour. |
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| a subjective cultural and/or emotional coloration in addition to the explicit or denotative meaning of any specific word or phrase in a language, i.e. emotional association with a word. |
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| the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages.S |
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