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| State-planned production; a form of socialism in which government decisions rather than market mechanisms (such as supply and demand)are the major influences in determining the nation’s economic direction; also called central planning |
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| a system of social organization based on the common ownership and coordination of production. |
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a belief by powerful groups and the broad citizenry that a state exercises
rightful authority. |
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a system of rule in which power depends on popular legitimacy but on the
coercive force of the political authorities. |
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a state characterized by instabilities and uncertainties that may render
it susceptible to collapse as a coherent entity. |
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“struggle” all though often used to mean armed struggle against unbelievers, it can
also mean spiritual struggle for more self-improvement. |
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| a term used to describe the British style of colonialism in Nigeria and India which local traditional rulers and political structures were used to help support the colonial governing structure. |
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an informal aspect of policy making in which a powerful patron offers
resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients. |
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| above-market returns to a factor of production. Pursuit of economic rents is profit seeking that takes the form of nonproductive economic activity. |
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the practice of political leaders who, for the purposes of remaining
in positions of power, “rent” public assets to patrons who profit form those public assets. |
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Definition
the sale of state-owned enterprises to private companies or investors. Those
who support the policy claim that private ownership is superior to government ownership because for-profit entities promote greater efficiency |
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Term
| Ethnic and Religious Cleavages |
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Definition
when national, ethnic, linguistic, and religious
systematically affect political allegiances and policies, we call this political cleavages (when a political system is affected by more than one such cleavage, it matters whether the different cleavages are cumulative or cross-cutting).
-Cumulative-they pit the same people against each other on many different issues
-Cross-cutting-if groups share a common interest on one issue are likely to be on opposite sides of a different issue |
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Definition
the right of a sovereign state or an ethnic or other group that shares
cultural and historical ties to live together in a given territory and in a manner they desire. |
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patterns of political behavior that rest on the justification that official state offices should be competed for and then utilized for the personal benefit of
officeholders as well as of their support group or clients. |
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Definition
refers to the space occupied by voluntary associations outside the state, for
example, professional associations, trade unions, student and women’s groups,
religious bodies and other voluntary association groups. |
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Definition
an organization of wage earners or salaried employees for mutual aid and
protection and for dealing collectively with employers |
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Term
| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) |
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Definition
a private group that seeks to influence public
policy and deal with certain problems that it believes are not being adequately addressed by governments. |
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Definition
a system of governance in which a single ruler treats the state as personal
property. |
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Definition
a system of political organization developed by V.I. Lenin and
practiced with modifications, by all communist-party states. |
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| a political party that claims to operate in the true interests of the group or class it purports to represent, even if this understanding doesn’t correspond to the expressed interests of the group itself. |
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| a process undertaken in the Soviet Union under Stalin in the late 1920’s and the early 1930’s and in china under Mao in the 1950’s, by which agricultural land was removed from private ownership and organized into large state and collective farms. |
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Definition
an idea put forth by some western analysts that an unwritten
Informal understanding existed between the population and the party/state in the post- Stalinist Soviet Union, which helped form the basis of social and political stability |
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| a strategy of economic transformation embraced by the yelstin government in Russia and the deng government in china that involves reducing the role of the state in managing the economy and increasing the role of market forces. |
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Definition
a term used in relation to Russia to refer to the transformation of
Formerly state owned enterprises into joint-stock countries or private enterprises in which majority control of the enterprise is in the hands of employees and/or managers of that enterprise. |
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Definition
a situation when a government or orgization takes on debt obligations at
progressively higher rates of interest in order to pay off existing debt. |
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| a system of personal selection under which the communist party maintained control over the appointment of important officials in all spheres of social, economic, and political life. |
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| a territorial unit in the Soviet Union that was a constituent unit of the union republic within which it was located. |
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| an informal aspect of policy making in which a powerful patron offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for support and services. |
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Definition
a system of governance in which political authority is shared between a central government and regional or state governments, but where
some sub-national units in the federal system have greater or lesser powers
than others. |
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| When Western powers attach strings (conditions) to their assistance in global affairs |
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| International commerce that is relatively unregulated or constrained by tariffs (special payments imposed by governments on exports or imports). |
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A state that can control the pattern of alliances and terms of the
international order, and often shapes domestic political developments in countries throughout the world. |
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Definition
| A system of governance in which political authority is shared between the national government and regional or state governments. The powers of each level of government are usually specified in a federal constitution |
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Definition
| By contrast to the Federal systems, where power is shared between the central government and state or regional governments, in a unitary state (such as Britain) no powers are reserved constitutionally for sub-national units of government. |
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| An organization of political institutions within the state which the executive, legislature,and judiciary have autonomous powers and no one branch dominates the others. This is the common pattern in presidential systems, as opposed to the parliamentary systems, in which there is a fusion of powers. |
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Term
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Definition
A constitutional principle that merges the authority of branches of government, in contrast to the principle of separation of powers. In Britain, for example, Parliament is the supreme legislative, executive, and judicial authority. The fusion of legislature and executive is also
expressed in the function and personnel of the cabinet. |
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