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| the law of definite proportions |
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| The law of definite proportions states that a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the exact same proportions by mass. |
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| the law of constant composition |
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| The French chemist Joseph Proust stated this law the following way: "A chemical compound always contains the same elements combined together in the same proportion by mass." |
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| the law of multiple proportions |
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| The law of multiple proportions states that whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers. |
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| ernest rutherford discovered the proton through the gold foil experiment |
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| ernest rutherford discovered the proton through the gold foil experiment. Bombardment of gold foil with alpha particles showed that some particles were deflected. |
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| j.j. thomson discovered the electron through the plum pudding experiment |
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| j.j. thomson discovered the electron through the plum pudding experiment in 1904. Plum pudding is an English dessert similar to a blueberry muffin. In Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom, the electrons were embedded in a uniform sphere of positive charge like blueberries stuck into a muffin. The positive matter was thought to be jelly-like or a thick soup. The electrons were somewhat mobile. |
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| james chadwick discovered the neutron through the compton effect. |
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| james chadwick discovered the neutron through the compton effect. He not only bombarded the hydrogen atoms in paraffin with the beryllium emissions, but also used helium, nitrogen, and other elements as targets. By comparing the energies of recoiling charged particles from different targets, he proved that the beryllium emissions contained a neutral component with a mass approximately equal to that of the proton. He called it the neutron. |
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| naming ionic and covalent compounds |
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| color spectrum of wavelength |
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| the emission of electrons from a metal surface induced by light |
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| energy transitions of electrons |
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| electron configuration rules |
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| electron configuration ions |
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| wavelength of light from frequency |
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| energy of light from frequency |
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| Paramagnetism refers to the magnetic state of an atom with one or more unpaired electrons. The unpaired electrons are attracted by a magnetic field due to the electrons' magnetic dipole moments. |
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| Diamagnetic substances are characterized by paired electrons, e.g., no unpaired electrons. This causes the magnetic fields of the electrons to cancel out; thus there is no net magnetic moment, and the atom cannot be attracted into a magnetic field. In fact, diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field |
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| Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. |
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| intermolecular forces: solids, liquids, and gases |
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| Polarizability is the ability to form instantaneous dipoles. It is a property of matter. Polarizabilities determine the dynamical response of a bound system to external fields, and provide insight into a molecule's internal structure. |
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