Term
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Definition
| A LONG DISTANCE SIGNALER USED BY ANIMALS AND PLANTS |
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Term
| SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY |
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Definition
| THE PROCESS BY WHICH A SIGNAL ON A CELL SURFACE IS CONVERTED TO A SPECIFIC CELLULAR RESPONSE IN A SERIES OF STEPS. |
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Term
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Definition
| HOW BACTERIAL CELLS SENSE THE DENSITY OF OTHER BACTERIAL CELLS. |
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Term
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Definition
| REGULATORS THAT TRAVEL SHORT DISTANCES AND INFLUENCE CELLS IN THE VICINITY |
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Term
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Definition
| SIGNALING AMONG NUMEROUS CELLS. THE CELLS SIMULTANEOUSLY RECEIVE AND RESPOND TO LOCAL SIGNALING. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LOCAL SIGNAL USUALLY ELECTRICAL, CARRIED BY A CHEMICAL SIGNAL TO STIMUALTE THE TARGET CELL. |
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Term
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Definition
| A TARGET CELL'S DETECTION OF A SIGNALING MOLECULE COMING FROM THE OUTSIDE. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE BINDING OF THE SIGNAL MOLECULE WHICH CHANGES THE RECEPTOR PROTEIN. SOMETIMES A SINGLE STEP, SOMETIMES SEVERAL STEPS. |
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Term
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Definition
| SIGNAL TRIGGERING A SPECIFIC CELLULAR RESPONSE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A MOLECULE THAT BINDS TO ANOTHER MOLECULE, MOST OFTEN A LARGER ONE. PROMOTES OR INHIBITS ENZYME ACTIVITY. |
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Term
| G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR |
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Definition
| A PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTOR WORKS WITH A G PROTEIN WHICH BINDS TO GTP. HAS SEVEN A HELICES. |
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Term
| STEPS IN G PROTEIN COUPLED RECPETOR |
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Definition
1. SIGNAL IS RECEIVED, RECEPTOR BINDS TO INACTIVE G PROTEIN. G PROTEIN ACTIVATED BY GTP.
2. G PROTEIN BINDS TO ENZYME WHICH TRIGGERS THE NEXT STEP.
3. CHANGES ARE ONLY TEMPORARY. G PROTEIN RETURNS TO INACTIVE STATE. ALSO ENZYME TO INACTIVE STATE. |
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Term
| RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES |
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Definition
(KINASE AN ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE TRANSFER OF PHOSPHATE GROUPS)
TRIGGER MANY PATHWAYS. MEMBRANE RECEPTORS THAT ATTACH PHOSPHATES TO TYROSINES. |
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Term
| STEPS IN RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES |
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Definition
1. BINDING OF IDENTICAL SIGNALING MOLECULES TO EACH POLYPEPTIDE. THEY FORM A DIMER.
2. PHOSPHORYLATION ON EACH TYROSINE.
3. EACH PROTEIN BINDS TO A PHOSPHORYLATED TYROSINE TRIGGERS A TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY.
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Term
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Definition
| A MEMBRANE RECEPTOR CONTAINING A REGION THAT CAN ACT AS A GATE WHEN THE RECEPTOR CHANGES SHAPE |
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Term
| STEPS IN A LIGAND GATED ION CHANNEL |
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Definition
1. GATE REMAINS CLOSED UNTIL A LIGAND BINDS TO THE RECPETOR
2. GATE OPENS, LIGANDS CAN FLOW THROUGH
3. WHEN THE LIGAND DISSOCIATES FROM THE RECEPTOR, THE GATE CLOSES |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ENZYME THAT TRANSFERS PHOSPHATE GROUPS FROM ATP TO A PROTEIN |
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Term
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Definition
| A ENZYME THAT RAPIDLY REMOVES PHOSPHATE GROUPS FROM PROTEINS |
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Term
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Definition
| SMALL WATER SOLUBLE OR MOLECULES OR IONS |
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Term
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Definition
IMMIDIATE EFFECT IS OFTEN THE ACTIVATION OF PROTIEN KINASE A
BROADCASTS SIGNAL TO CYTOPLASM |
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Term
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Definition
| INDUCES RESPONSES AND THEIR TARGET CELLS VIA SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS THAT INCREASE THE CYTOSOLIC CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IONS. MORE WIDELY USED THAN cAMP. |
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Term
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Definition
| THIRD MESSENGER THAT STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF CALCIUM FROM THE ER. |
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Term
| AFFECTS OF A SIGNALING PATHWAY |
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Definition
1. ACTIVITY OF PROTEINS
2. SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS
3. OVERALL CELL SHAPE
4. CELL GROWTH |
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Term
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Definition
| AT EACH CATALYTIC STEP IN THE CASCADE, THE NUMBER OF ACTIVATED PRODUCTS IS GREATER THAN THE PROCEEDING STEP. |
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Term
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Definition
| INTERACTION BETWEEN PATHWAYS IN A CELL. FOR REGULATING AND COORDINATING A CELL RESPONSES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES. |
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Term
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Definition
| LARGE RELAY PROTEINS TO WHICH SEVERAL OTHER PROTEINS ARE ATTACHED AT THE SAME TIME. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. DNA CHOPPED ORGANELLES FRAGMENTED.
2. CELL SHRINKS AND BECOMES LOBED (BLEBBING)
3. CELLS PARTS PACKAGED INTO VESCILES WHICH ARE ENGULFED BY SCAVENGER CELLS. |
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Term
| GENES AND PROTEINS IN APOPTOSIS |
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Definition
ced-3
ced-4
CASPASES
CYTOCHROME c
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Term
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Definition
1. DEATH SIGNAL OF NEIGHBORING CELL
2. DNA SUFFERING IRREPARABLE DAMAGE
3. EXCESSIVE PROTEIN MISFOLDING
4. USED IN EMBROYNIC DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITS |
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