Term
| Why do animals consume food? |
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Definition
| Energy and organic molecules. This process is called nutrition. |
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Term
| Sources of chemical energy in an animals diet are used to produce what? |
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Definition
| ATP. To meet the need for ATP, animals must ingest nutrients. |
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Term
| What is an essential nutrient? |
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Definition
| A substance that the animal requires but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules. These include: vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids. |
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Term
| What amino acids are needed by humans in their diet? |
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Definition
| Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylaline, threonine, tryptophan, valine (humans unlike other animals require histidine also). |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal proteins are complete and provide all the essential amino acids. On the other hand, plant proteins are incomplete, having one or more amino acids missing. This is why vegetarians must eat a variety of plants, to compensate for one plants missing amino acids with anothers. |
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Term
| How many vitamins are required by humans? |
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Definition
| 13. B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C, A, D, E, K. |
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Term
| How many minerals are needed in more than trace amounts? |
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Definition
| 10. Ca, P, S, K, Cl, Na, Mg, Fe, F, I. However, these are damaging if consumed in excess. |
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Term
| What do most animals do when left without their primary dietary components? |
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Definition
| They become opportunistic feeders, eating whatever can provide them nutrition around them. |
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Term
| What does a diet that lacks essential nutrients cause and how do animals adapt? |
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Definition
| What occurs is called malnutrition. Animals adapt by ingesting other sources of the nutrients surrounding them, such as small stones, or shells. |
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Term
| What is undernourishment? |
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Definition
| When malnutrition is so bad that it results in muscles being broken down for food, eventually the brain. |
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Term
| Four different categories of digestion: |
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Definition
| Filter feeding (straining small organisms or food particles from suorroundings), Substrate feeding (burrow/live in their food source), Fluid feeding (suck nutrient rich fluid from a host), and Bulk feeding [humans] (eat relatively large pieces of food). |
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Term
| Ingestion, the first stage of food processing, |
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Definition
| is the act of eating the food. |
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Term
| Digestion, the second stage of food processing, |
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Definition
| is where the food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. Mechanical and chemical processes are required. |
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Term
| What are the last two stages of food processing? |
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Definition
| Absorption, where the animal's cells take up small molecules, and Elimination, where undigested material is passes out of the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The simplest organelle that can hydrolyze, used in phagocytosis. |
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Term
| What is extracellular digestion? |
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Definition
| The breakdown of food in compartments that are continuous with the animals body. |
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Term
| Animals with simple body plans have... |
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Definition
| a pouch with a single opening called a gastrovascular cavity. It functions in digestion and distribution of nutrients. |
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Term
| Animals with complex body plans have... |
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Definition
| two openings, a mouth and anus. Linking them is a complete digestive tract, also called an alimentary canal. |
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Term
| What is the first step in mammalian digestion? |
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Definition
| The oral cavity, where mechanical digestion (teeth) and chemical digestion (salivary glands) occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucus and amylase make up the large part. |
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Term
| After the food is shaped into a bolus, then what happens? |
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Definition
| It is recieved in the pharynx (throat), and moves through the esophagus muscle deeper into your stomach. |
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Term
| How does the food travel through the esophagus? |
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Definition
| Peristalsis, contractions. At the end of the esophagus, a sphincteer is reached, a valve of muscle that regulates passage of food into the stomach. |
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Term
| What are the roles of the stomach in digestion? |
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Definition
| The first is storage, the second is chemical processing, using Gastric Juice (HCl and Pepsin), converting the bolus of food into Chyme. |
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Term
| What happens after the stomach churns the chyme deeper into the alimentary canal? |
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Definition
| It moves into teh small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs. The first part is the Duodenum, where the chyme mixes with digestive juices from the galbladderk, pancreas, and liver. |
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Term
| What is the function of villi and microvilli? |
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Definition
| To absorb any leftover nutrients after chemical digestion is over. |
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Term
| What is the large intestine? What is it made up of? |
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Definition
| It is the end of the digestive system, made up of the colon cecum and rectum. This is where the very last water and nutrients are absorbed, before the food is excreted as feces. |
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