Term
|
Definition
| A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An intermolecular force that occurs between Hydrogen, Oxygen, Chlorine Nitrogen, or Fluorine of one molecule and Hydrogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from a difference of electronegativity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme has 2 active sites: one for substrate, other for an ihibitor. When inhibitor binds to allosteric site, enzyme changes active site and cannot catalyze reaction w/ substrate: feedback inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The attraction between different kinds of molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that speeds up a chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalytic proteins (so organic) that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. Provides alternate pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using Exergonic to power endergonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| law of conservation of energy |
|
Definition
| energy cannot by created or destroyed, only transferred. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum of all of the chemical reactions that take place in cells |
|
|
Term
| Noncompetitive Inhibition |
|
Definition
| enzyme contains >1 active site and substrates don't resemble each other. Binding of either substrate prevents other one from binding to the enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substrate induces enzyme to alter shape slightly so it can fit better |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some compounds resemble normal substrate model, compete for same active site on the enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Single Bonds Only
Solid @ Room Temp.
(Straight) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One or more double bonds
Liquid @ Room Temp.
(Kinked) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shape determines function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first unicellular organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used by the majority of living organisms today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy production using O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More efficient than anaerobic metabolism it allowed organisms to grow larger. |
|
|
Term
| What is true about protein folding |
|
Definition
| If you change something in any stage, you are liable to change the whole protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from the condensation synthesis of the nucleotide links |
|
|
Term
| Primary Stage of Protein folding |
|
Definition
| The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of animo acids. Amino acids are joined forming polypeptide chains. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Stage of Protein folding |
|
Definition
The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages.
Polypeptide chains for Alpha Helix and Beta Pleated Sheet bonding |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary Stage of Protein folding |
|
Definition
| Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. 3D shape is formed. Caused by interaction among r groups |
|
|
Term
| Quarternary Stage of Protein Folding |
|
Definition
| The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. Multiple polypeptide interactions occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the breaking down of a protein structure caused by charge of temperature of PH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place where protein or enyzme works the best |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of a Prokaryote |
|
Definition
No nucleus
Single celled
Circular DNA
No mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of a Eukaryote |
|
Definition
Nucleus
Single-Celled
Chromosomes
All Membrane organelles
ER, Rough & Smooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sept. 26
Which bonds are broken for water to vaporize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sept. 26
The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slightly positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows for water's property of cohesiveness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desert Rabbits are adapted to the warm climate because their large ears aid in the removal of heat due to the |
|
Definition
| High heat vaporization of water |
|
|
Term
| Temperature usually increases as water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| The release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are |
|
Definition
| Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? |
|
Definition
| The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that makes strands of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weaker interaction than covalent bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The negatively charged oxygen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the positively charged hydrogen atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can form between the different parts of the same large molecule. |
|
|
Term
| Heat Capacity ( Cohesion ) |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bonds attribute to the high heat capacity of water. |
|
|
Term
| Raising the temperature will? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of error in protein folding |
|
Definition
(Sickle Cell)
Point Mutation in Primary stage.
Messes with Hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phosopholipid Bilayer Tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phospholipid Bilayer Head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposite charges are separated at the two ends or poles of the bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greatly influence the interactions they have with other polar molecules |
|
|
Term
| Polarity of water molecules |
|
Definition
| has significant effects on its physical properties and chemical reactivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes compound hydrophilic and polar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One that has an unequal distribution of charge which creates a positive and negative side to the molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not ionizing when dissolved in water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein? |
|
Definition
| Primary,Secondary,Tertiary and Quaternary. |
|
|
Term
| What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids? |
|
Definition
| The primary structure of the protein would be changed. The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed. The biological activity or function of the protein might be altered. |
|
|
Term
| The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a protein;s three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges, or ionic bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tertiary structure of a protein is the |
|
Definition
| unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. |
|
|
Term
| The alpha helix and the Betta pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows the passage of some materials but not others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not require energy for movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires energy for movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of two strands running in opposite directions that are held together by hydrogen bonds between purines on one strand and pyrimidines on the opposing strand. The two strands in a double molecule are coiled in a double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external environment lower than internal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of water molecules towards a state of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Dehydration reaction are used in forming which of the following compounds? |
|
Definition
| triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins |
|
|
Term
| Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they |
|
Definition
| are synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions. |
|
|
Term
| The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? |
|
Definition
| removal of a water molecule |
|
|
Term
| There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? |
|
Definition
| different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha carbon |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true of cellulose? |
|
Definition
| It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration relations and hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
| Dehydration reactions assemble polymors, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers and Macromolecular synthesis occurs through the removal of water and digestion occurs through the addition of water. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
| DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity of water molecules to resist coming apart from one another when placed under tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of water to be attracted to each other. |
|
|
Term
| High Heat of Vaporization |
|
Definition
| A lot of heat is required to change from liquid to gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to the cohesive nature of its molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability for a substance to act as both an acid and base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonpolar , and tend to aggregate with one another father than polar water molecules insoluble . They are hydrophobic. |
|
|
Term
| if you change one amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reaction that breaks down compounds by the addition of H20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity of water molecules to resist coming apart from one another when placed under tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of water to be attracted to each other. |
|
|
Term
| High Heat of Vaporization |
|
Definition
| A lot of heat is required to change from liquid to gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to the cohesive nature of its molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability for a substance to act as both an acid and base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonpolar , and tend to aggregate with one another father than polar water molecules insoluble . They are hydrophobic. |
|
|
Term
| if you change one amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reaction that breaks down compounds by the addition of H20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress, in such a way that it will no longer be able to carry out its cellular function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon center surrounded by an amino group , a carboxyl group, a hydrogen and an R group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA and RNA nucleotide monomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic compounds used by cells as long term energy storers, or building blocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amino Acid monomers are joined forming polypeptide chains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polypeptide chains may form alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three dimensional arrangement caused by interaction among R groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows for the integration of thousands of cells within a single plant organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds cells together to form Tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contributes to physical properties of tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may act as filters for tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help orient cell movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the animal equivalent of the plant's plasmodesmata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lock adjacent animal cells together but still allow materials to move around the outside of the cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent materials from going between adjacent cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phospholipids, proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins
Components are able to move through the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| How can fluidity be reduced in the Phospholipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
| cholesterol , saturation of fatty acids , protein content , and temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows the passage of some materials but not others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not require energy for transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires energy for movement. |
|
|
Term
| Passive Transport Examples |
|
Definition
| Simple Diffusion , Osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Random movement of molecules towards equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of water molecule toward a state of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solute external more than internal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solute internal more than external |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solute balanced internal and external |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant Cell will be fine in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why will a plant cell be fine in a hypotonic solution? |
|
Definition
| as the membrane moves out the cell wall pushes back in, this concept is know as turgor pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the membrane moves out the cell wall pushes back in. |
|
|
Term
| CANNOT DIFFUSE THROUGH THE MEMBRANE |
|
Definition
| Large, Polar, charged, amino acids, sugars, ions, and water molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires energy to pump substances AGAINST the concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Two types of Active Transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
|
Definition
| A concentration gradient that was established by ATP used to drive Active Transport. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis of ATP Produces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reverse of hydrolysis of ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once a terminal phosphate is separated it is now a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the level of ATP falls so will the level of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking in of molecules or cells by the eukaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell intakes large particles or cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbs liquids and dissolved particles |
|
|
Term
| Receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| triggered by a specific molecule (ligand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any molecule that bonds to a receptor and causes a cellular response. |
|
|
Term
| In Order for cholesterol to be made available to cells for use in cell membranes.. |
|
Definition
| LDL (good cholesterol) must be absorbed by the cell through , Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| materials that are packaged inside the cell are removed or exported from the cell through this process |
|
|
Term
| Signal Transduction Pathway |
|
Definition
| series of cellular reaction that begin with the stimulus of a receptor molecule by a physical or chemical signal and ends with a cellular response. |
|
|
Term
| Signal Transduction Pathway |
|
Definition
| critical for cells to interact with a changing environment |
|
|
Term
| Signal Transduction Pathway |
|
Definition
| critical to maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is movement but at the same rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is stored in chemical bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be released by Metabolic Pathways of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divided into a series of separate reactions, controlled release rather than one large energy transformation. |
|
|
Term
| Individual Reactions in a Metabolic Pathway |
|
Definition
catalyzed by specific enzymes
Regulation of overall pathway by checkpoints at intermediate steps, Enzyme Specificity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Similar in all organisms.
-Link for ancestry
-conserved/ selected for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use compartmentalized structures to segregate individual reactions of a pathway (regulation) ( Different environments that favor different reactions/enzymes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be inhibited or activated to control the overall rate of the pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free energy, or energy available to do work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy releasing reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy consuming reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction. |
|
|
Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| P i (inorganic phosphate) is transferred directly to ADP. Occurs in glycolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| step one of cell reparation |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| use of a series of Redox Reactions and chemiosmosis to phosphorylate ADP --> ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reactions involving the transfer of electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half reaction of substance losing electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half reaction of a substance gaining electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduced substances contain more energy then oxidized substances because of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two very important molecules to transfer electrons |
|
|
Term
| Electron Carriers exist in how many forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The oxidized form ( low energy)
The reduced form ( high energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NAD+(oxidized) and NADH (reduced)
FAD (oxidized) and FADH2 (reduced) |
|
|
Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADP traps energy to produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trap electrons in redox reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposit their elections later in this pathway to help produce more ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the molecules that all living things are made up of? |
|
Definition
| Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catabolism of glucose but can occur with the catabolism of lipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6 carbon glucose is split into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyruvate oxidized into two carbon molecules called acetyl coA - (2)NADH -(2)CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a Pathway consists of 10 "enzyme mediated" reactions |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis can be divided into two stages |
|
Definition
| Energy Investment , Energy Harvest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP must be spent to breakdown glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP is recovered and is NAD+ is reduced to NADH |
|
|
Term
| When Pyruvate is oxidized it becomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step one of the Citric Acid Cycle |
|
Definition
| the separation of Acetyl CoA and the attachment of the Acetyl group to a molecule called Ocalocetate. |
|
|
Term
| 1 Turn of the Citric Acid Cycle produces |
|
Definition
| 3NADH, 1FADH2 , ATP , 2 CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double membrane bound organelle |
|
|
Term
| Electro chemical Gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use the energy from electrons to push protons against the gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells are produced through two methods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell Division, Asexual reproduction, Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 Replication
1 Divison
2 Daughter Cells genetically identical to parent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a major role in growth and repair of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division that produces gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain half the genetic information of parent cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are used in sexual reproduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires the fusion of specialized cells called gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that result from Meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Meiotic cell divisions results in... |
|
Definition
| cells that contain half the amount of DNA of the parent cell and in many cases the DNA is different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 Replication
2 Divisions
4 Daughter Cells with ½ the DNA as parent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single DNA molecule and the proteins that help organize the molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Body Cells , cells that do not specialize in reproduction.
Contain 2x the amount of DNA as sex cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the number of sets of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Somatic cells that are usually Diploid, the mother's chromosome and the corresponding father's chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 sets of chromosomes or 2 copies of each chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single set of chromosomes or one copy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reproduction of a single celled organism
growth and repair in multicellular organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the cell cycle if synthesis occurs... |
|
Definition
| it must continue and reduce |
|
|
Term
| 4 stages of the cell cycle |
|
Definition
| G1 S G2 Mitotic Phase ( Mitosis and Cytokinesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You have an inhibitor or an activator that binds to an enzyme not at its active site to change the function of the enzyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of _____ don't change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Density Dependent Inhibition |
|
Definition
| Mitosis can be inhibited based upon density |
|
|
Term
| Cyclin is directly proportional to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
46 Chromosomes.
Duplicating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes doubled up to 92.
Condensing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Centrosomes split into centrioles , centrioles migrate to the poles to produce spindles. Nucleus dissolves and microtubules attach to centromeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes begin to align at the middle of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separated Chromosomes pulled apart divide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microtubules disappear, division begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two daughter cells split, each with 46 chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in mitosis, happens in prophase , good for population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way that chromosomes move into the gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replication and division @ the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized method of distributing chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| A cell in G1 compared to G2 |
|
Definition
| same # of chromosomes 2x the DNA |
|
|
Term
| centromere to chromosomes ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metaphase to anaphase ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way they align, and Creates variation which is necessary for natural selection in population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage that does not divide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 100% Homozygous Dominant/ Heterozygotes |
|
|
Term
| Di hybrid cross phono ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretch of chromosomes/ segment of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many genes control one trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mating of two individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between first generation offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recombinant progeny/ total progeny
greater for loci that are farther apart on chromosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| independent of normal genome, small # of genes replicate on their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 Bacterial cell and another come in close proximity and build a sex pills when bacteria reproduces genome will move from genome to corresponding genome. DNA duplicates , builds a bridge, sends it over to the other one. Will swap out recessive genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act as vehicles for traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms complete set of all genetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every cell in your body has the same exact genome but |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a long molecule that is made up of monomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein/ polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal polymer made up of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant polymer made in cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| builds polymers through the removal of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down by addition of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To find the change in heat always |
|
Definition
Subtract initial from Final
( F - I ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaking down of protein structure by changes in temp or PH change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point where the protein works best |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have different optimal ranges and specificity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of a polypeptide chain from a segment of RNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of mRNA (messenger RNA) from a DNA template. |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The steps of transcription are... |
|
Definition
| Initiation, elongation, termination, and modification |
|
|
Term
| Initiation of transcription is because a |
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase reaches a promoter |
|
|
Term
| Most genes in the human genome are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces proteins that are exported from the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can modify carbohydrates & lipids and detoxification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| builds proteins that remain in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active site of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous network that provides anchorage for cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached to Nucleus so a tug on the ex cell matrix will transfer through the cytoskeleton to the nucleus which regulates gene expression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small Non polar substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High to low through a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum total of all chemical reactions in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
cannot create nor destroy energy
implication : Organisms need to find energy |
|
|
Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
moves towards entropy (disorder)
implication : We are continually increasing the entropy of the universe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the rate of forward reaction = the rate of backward reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Product turns off the process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product turns on the process, and or makes it work more often. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An alternative version of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variant for a character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cross between individuals heterozygous for a single character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a heritable feature that varies among individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a heritable unit that determines a character and can exist in different forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having two identical alleles for a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines phenotype in heterozygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has no effect on phenotype in a heterozygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism's appearance or observable traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic makeup of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having two different alleles of a gene |
|
|
Term
| All of the following are part of prokaryotic cell except |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? |
|
Definition
| the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function |
|
|
Term
| Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which typ elf the organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? |
|
Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large complex lipids, primarily because these lipids are not properly broken down. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following relationships between cell structures and their respective functions is correct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following processes includes all others? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity? |
|
Definition
| a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures? |
|
Definition
| The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails , forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart. |
|
|
Term
| Of the following functions which is the most important for the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes? |
|
Definition
| a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a characteristic feature of carrier protein in a plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion? |
|
Definition
| It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
|
|
Term
| A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? |
|
Definition
| The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the inside of cells. |
|
|
Term
| Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are |
|
Definition
| hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution |
|
|
Term
| A cell whose cytoplasm has a concentration of 0.02 molar glucose is placed in a test tube of water containing 0.02 molar glucose. Assuming that glucose is not actively transported into the cell, which of the following terms describes the tonicity of the external solution relative to the cytoplasm of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule enters the cell? |
|
Definition
| similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells |
|
|
Term
| Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose rich food into their glucose poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In receptor-mediated endocystosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| on this inside surface of the vesicle |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| phospholipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only. |
|
|
Term
| The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immediate energy source that drives ATP synths by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is |
|
Definition
| the H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
|
|
Term
| When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction , the molecule becomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phrase? |
|
Definition
| It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP |
|
|
Term
| Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? |
|
Definition
| chemiosmotic phosphorylation ( oxidative phosphorylation) |
|
|
Term
| Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions which location? |
|
Definition
| mitochondrial inter-membrane space |
|
|
Term
| When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the inter membrane space, the result is the |
|
Definition
| creation of a proton gradient |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (c6h12o6) in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes and about 17 X that of the cell's plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve? |
|
Definition
| It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation. |
|
|
Term
| The accompanying figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain? |
|
Definition
| NADH, FADH2 and electrons |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following couples chemiosmosis to energy storage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following? |
|
Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| In the absence of oxygen , yeast cells ( which are unicellular) can obtain energy by fermentation resulting in the production of |
|
Definition
| ATP, CO2, and ethanol(ethyl alcohol) |
|
|
Term
| Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? |
|
Definition
| It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for metabolic pathways that absorb stored energy by building complex molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The molecule that is phosphorylated |
|
Definition
| has an increased chemical reactivity it is primed to do cellular work |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements describes NAD+? |
|
Definition
| NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. |
|
|
Term
| In chemiosmotic phosphorylation what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ADP? |
|
Definition
| energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase. |
|
|
Term
| why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods? |
|
Definition
| they have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation- reduction reaction |
|
Definition
| loses electrons and loses energy |
|
|
Term
| When a molecule of Nad+ gains a hydrogen atom the molecule becomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements describes NAD +? |
|
Definition
| Nad+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by |
|
Definition
| substrate- level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process of event? |
|
Definition
| accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is absent or present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During glycolysis when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A molecule that is phosphorylated |
|
Definition
| has an increased chemical reactivity ; it is primed to do cellular work. |
|
|
Term
| Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis ? |
|
Definition
| an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but it not metabolized |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed in part by the removal of carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coA and the citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| During aerobic respiration electrons travel downhill in which sequence? |
|
Definition
| food-NADH-electron transport-oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross? |
|
Definition
| A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid only one. |
|
|
Term
| The F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always looked like one of the two parental varieties because |
|
Definition
| one phenotype was completely dominant over another |
|
|
Term
| How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two plants are crossed , resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This suggests |
|
Definition
| that the parents were both heterozygous |
|
|
Term
| A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is was important that Mendel examined not just the F1 generation in his breeding experiments, but the F2 generation as well , because |
|
Definition
| parental traits that were not observed in the F1 reappeared in the F2 |
|
|
Term
| When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Certain plants tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In snapdragons, heterozygotes for one of the genes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have red or white flowers. When plants flowers. When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with white flowers, what proportion of the offspring will have pink flowers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What level of protein development forms a polymer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the monomer of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of reaction (hydrolysis or Dehydration synthesis) forms a protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be the effects of changing one amino acid in an amino aid sequence? |
|
Definition
| you change the whole protein |
|
|
Term
| What causes denaturation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule in a cell contains all the essential information of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organelle constructs proteins based on genetic information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell specializes in producing proteins that are exported from the cell. What organelle would be abundant in this cell? Describe how you would observe this organelle |
|
Definition
| Rough Endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| A cell specializes in producing proteins that stay within the cell. What organelle would be abundant in this cell? Describe how you would observe this organelle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell specializes in modifying carbohydrates and lipids. Which organelle would you expect to be abundant in this cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell specializes in digestion , what organelle might you expect to be abundant in this cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell specializes in energy production, which organelle would you expect to be abundant in this cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would a cell form microvilli on its surface? |
|
Definition
| To increase surface area, which increases the amount of reactions that can take place. |
|
|
Term
| Which structure would take up a large amount of volume inside a plant cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of glycoproteins and glycolipids within the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
They helps to stabilise the membrane structure as they forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules in the fluid surrounding the cell.
They also act as receptors and help in cell identification, hormonal responses and neurotransmission.
Glycoproteins can act as carrier proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Active transport moves molecules from what concentration to what concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion moves molecules form what concentration to what concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and diffusion? |
|
Definition
| facilitated diffusion uses protein carrier molecules |
|
|
Term
| What molecule is used by organisms to couple exergonic reactions with endergonic reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis release energy from ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction |
|
|
Term
| What are the three general steps of a cell receiving a signal and responding? |
|
Definition
| Reception, Response, Transduction |
|
|
Term
| what is paracrine signaling? |
|
Definition
| neighboring molecules release molecules that signal neighboring molecules. |
|
|
Term
| A drug prevents the shortening of microtubules, during what phase of mitosis would you expect the process to be halted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug prevents the elongation of microtubules, during what phase of mitosis would you expect the process to be halted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug prevents the reformation of the nuclear membrane, during what phase of mitosis would you expect the process to be halted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug prevents microtubules from attaching to kinetochores of chromosomes, during which phase of mitosis would you expect the process to be halted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase of mitosis contained the M checkpoint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do all sexual organisms have the same life cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes are in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many maternal chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many paternal chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many autosomal chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes in a fertilized egg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are gametes diploid or haploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a fertilized egg haploid or diploid ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are in a human diploid cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are in a human haploid cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many sets of chromosomes are in a human diploid cell? Haploid Cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are gametes produced by meiosis or mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are somatic cells produced by mitosis or meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three stages of cell respiration? |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis , Kreb Cycle , oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in |
|
Definition
| inner membrane of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase will continue with or without the presence of Oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase of cell respiration is common to both aerobic respiration as well as fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the differences and similarities of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3:1 phenotypic ratio suggest what about parents genotypes? |
|
Definition
| Heterozygous monohybrid cross |
|
|
Term
| 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio suggests what about inheritance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does true breeding mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If multiple traits can be observed to obey the law of independent assortment, what can be inferred about their position on chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| they are far apart or on different chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What can be said about the crossing over rates between two genes the closer the genes are located to each other on the same chromosome? |
|
Definition
| less likely recombination rate |
|
|
Term
| What can cause the daughter cell of a mitotically producing cell to be genetically different than the parent cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal segments of DNA chromosomes are exchanged |
|
|
Term
| What is a gene’s location on a chromosome referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the levels of cyclin in a cell as it moves through the cell cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the levels of CDK in a cell as it moves through the cell cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the levels of MPF in a cell as it moves through the cell cycle. |
|
Definition
| will continually increase as mitosis approaches and sharply decrease when mitosis is complete |
|
|
Term
| What does CDK, and MPF stand for? |
|
Definition
Cyclin dependent kinase
Mitosis Promoting Factor |
|
|
Term
| There are 20 variations of a gene. How many different different variations can a diploid organisms contain for this gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for an enzymes to be a kinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shortest portion of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can termination of a cell signal be accomplished? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis linked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major classes of polymers? What are their monomers? |
|
Definition
Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, DNA
monosacs, aminos , fatty acids and glycerol, nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| Two monosaccharides are linked to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the similarities and differences of starch and cellulose? |
|
Definition
Starch is energy for plants. Cellulose is structural component of plants.
both polymers of glucose |
|
|
Term
| What are the similarities and differences of starch and glycogen? |
|
Definition
both polymers of glucose
Starch = plant
glycogen= animals |
|
|
Term
| What molecule acts as a relay molecule for genetic information from nucleus to protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heroin is able to mimic the effects of morphine. Google the molecular images of both and explain why both molecules elicit similar responses in organisms. |
|
Definition
| molecular shape similarities that allow morphine to bind to endorphin receptors , An endorphin is a natural brain signal that helps us feel good (or better). the morphine molecule, an opiate, is a close match to the structure of an endorphin. The body does not recognise the difference either way, so the chemical impostor morphine can bind to endorphin receptors. |
|
|
