If you place the corner of a paper towel into a droplet of water the water moves across the paper towel. Which of the following would explain the movement of the water?
Term
iron
Definition
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the six most common elements in living organisms?
Term
6
Definition
If the atomic number of an element is 6 and the atomic mass is 12.01, how many protons are there in the nucleus?
Term
energy and half life are not directly related
Definition
[image]
From the above table of radioisotopes and their properties, it is obvious that
Term
all choices are correct
Definition
In a water molecule:
Term
one proton and two neutrons
Definition
A research article indicates that researchers have used an isotope 3H to trace a certain metabolic process. From the symbol that is given, we know this is a hydrogen isotope with
Term
oxygen atoms can have eight or ten neutrons
Definition
Both 18O and 16O are found in nature. However, 16O is the most common. Therefore,
Term
the 14C gained a proton
Definition
To determine the age of fairly recent fossils and organic artifacts, it is possible to analyze the amounts of the isotopes 14C and14N, because over time the 14C-which originated in the atmosphere-breaks down into 14N. What net change occurred for this to happen?
Term
triple bonds are stronger than double bonds; double bonds are stronger than single bonds
Definition
Fron the table above, it is apparent that:
Term
Solid water is less dense than liquid water.
Organisms in ponds, lakes, and reservoirs can survive under the ice cover.
This is due to hydrogen bonding changes.
All of the choices are correct
Definition
As a solid, water floats. This means that
Term
has a high heat of evaporation
Definition
A coastal climate is moderated primarily by which of the following properties of water? Water
Term
slightly basic
Definition
Human blood has a pH of about 7.4. This is
Term
The number of carbon to carbon single and double bonds.
The consistency at room temperature.
The number of hydrogen atoms present.
All of the choices are differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
Term
Chitin
Definition
Which of the following would NOT be a molecule used for energy storage?
Term
Isomer
Definition
[image]
What term is used for molecules like those seen above that have identical molecular formulas but the atoms in each molecule are arranged differently?
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
What type of macro-molecule is shown in the image above?
Term
Simple Sugars
Definition
A polysaccharide is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
Term
Condensation
Definition
A dehydration reaction can also be called a (an) ________ reaction since it forms water.
Term
Cellulose and Chitin
Definition
Which of the following are structural carbohydrate molecules?
Term
High-calorie Fat Molecules
Definition
If an animal needed to store energy for long-term use, but not to be encumbered with the weight of extra tissue, which is the best molecule for storage?
Term
Protein
Definition
A peptide bond is found in which type of biological molecule?
Term
Secondary
Definition
The alpha helix and beta sheet are found at which level of protein organization?
Term
Nitrogenous bases, Sugar, and Phosphate groups
Definition
Fish sperm is composed mostly of the male fish's DNA. If we tested a sample chemically, we should find relatively high amounts of
Term
the attached functional groups
Definition
The reactivity of an organic molecule is primarily dependent upon _________ of the molecule.
Term
Figure A
Definition
[image]
Which Figure is that of an unsaturated fat?
Term
Is a solid at room temperature.
Has fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Is of animal origin.
All of the choices above are correct
Definition
A saturated fat...
Term
Alanine-Leucine-Tryptophan-Glycine-Valine-Alanine
Definition
A polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of: alanine-leucine-tryptophane-glycine-valine-alanine. This chain of amino acids is further organization into a helix that in-turn, folds in and around itself to form a globular structure. The primary structure of the polypeptide is:
Term
5
Definition
How many molecules of water are used to degrade this polypeptide, using hydrolysis reactions, into its constituent amino acids: alanine-leucine-tryptophane-glycine-valine-alanine?
Term
the last phosphate bond is unstable and easily broken
Definition
Which statement below correctly describes why ATP is a high energy structure?
Term
True
Definition
The pH scale indicates the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in a solution. True or False?
Term
True
Definition
pH 7 has a balanced level of H + and OH -.
True or False?
Term
False
Definition
Anything above pH 7 is acidic and anything below pH 7 is basic.
True or False?
Term
False
Definition
Migratory birds store energy as glycogen which is lighter than fat.
True or False?
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
After proteins are formed by the ribosomes located RER, what is the next organelle to which they could be transported?
Term
RER
Cytoskeleton
SER
All the choices are true
Definition
Which of the following help direct the movement of materials or organelles throughout the cell?
Term
the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds because these organisms are cellular at specific stages in their life cycle, but this shows that cell membrane partitions can be abandoned.
Definition
As they flow over rotten logs and mulch as a fluid sheet, slime molds appear to lack any partitioning into individual cells; however, slime molds do become cellular when they change form to produce spores. The surface of some parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are a "syncytium" or layer of living materials that contains many nuclei and cell organelles but lacks partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues consume food and produce wastes. In light of the cell theory that "all living things are composed of cells", the....
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles?
Term
Cell
Definition
What is the smallest functional unit of living matter?
Term
Nucleoid Region
Definition
Which of the following features is unique to bacterial cells?
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Which of the following features is NOT found in bacterial cells?
Term
Bacteria contain membrane bound organelles
Definition
Which statement is NOT true about bacteria?
Term
Penicillin affects bacteria but not eukaryotes because eukaryotic cell walls are different.
Bacterial cells that had already formed their cell walls would be unaffected.
Penicillin would stop the growth of active colonies of susceptible bacteria
All choices are correct
Definition
An amino sugar called N-acetylmuramic acid is an important building block of the cell wall of some bacteria. Penicillin prevents the amino sugar from being incorporated into the bacterial cell wall. Therefore...
Term
provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from swelling
Definition
Most bacteria live in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the bacteria. The cell wall of a bacterium is a peptidoglycan polymer that is tightly cross-linked. This would therefore function to...
Term
They contain ribosomes that are smaller than those of prokaryotic cells
Definition
Which is NOT true of eukaryotic cells?
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
According to the endosymbiont theory ________ were engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells.
Term
Mitochondria and chloroplasts can actively break away from eukaryotic cells and live on their own.
Definition
Which of the following is NOT offered as evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory, the belief that a eukaryotic cell has eveolved as a "committee" of prokaryotic cells?
Term
Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleolus.
Definition
Which is a true statement about ribosomes?
Term
Photosynthesis ; Mitochondria
Definition
Chloroplasts are to __________ as ___________ are to aerobic respiration.
Term
Proteins ; SER
Definition
__________ are to ribosomes as lipids are to _________.
Term
have an efficient way to transport materials from one organelle to another.
Definition
Without a cytoskeleton, eukaryotic cells would NOT
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Which of these is NOT part of the endomembrane system of the cell?
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Membrane-bound vesicles that contain enzymes for oxidizing small organic molecules with the formation of hydrogen peroxide are called...
Term
Mitochondria are found in animals and fungi, but plants and algae have chloroplasts.
Definition
Which is NOT a characteristic of mitochondria?
Term
Centrioles are found in the microtubule organizing centers of plants.
Definition
Which cytoskeletal element is NOT correctly associated with its characteristics?
Term
Cilia
Definition
The cells that line our respiratory tract and one-celled paramecia both have these short hair-like projections.
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles?
Term
most cell components are constantly being broken down and rebuilt.
Definition
Cell biologists have introduced radioactivity labeled carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids to living cells, allowed time for metabolism, and then disrupted in the cells in a blender and separated out the various cell organelles from the cytoplasm. They found the radioactive molecules could soon be detected as part of various cellular compounds, although the visible cell structures appeared unchanged. This leads us to conclude that...
Term
Nucleus-Mitochondria and Chloroplasts-Ribosomes-Soluble Cytoplasm
Definition
Term
Figure C
Definition
[image]
Figure A is an 8 cm. cube. Figure B is eight, 4 cm cubes. Figure C is sixty-four, 2 cm cubes.
If you were to design a structure that would have the greatest potential to interact with the environment through surface area contact, would you design a structure similar to Figure A, B or C?
Term
All have the same volume
Definition
[image]
What Figure has the greatest volume?
Term
Figure C
Definition
What figure has the greatest surface : volume ratio?
Term
The individual cells in Figure C
Definition
In the figures represented cells, what size cell has the greatest potential to bring nutrients in and rid itself of waste?
Term
Surface area and volume increase, but the surface area:volume ration increases
Definition
As a cell increases in size, the...
Term
Adequate surface area (plasma membrane) is needed to furnish nutrients to and expel wastes from the volume (cytoplasm)
Definition
Why is a large surface area: volume ration needed for cells to function properly?
Term
Provides the plant cell with support.
Stores nutrients and cellular waste products.
Is a reservoic for water.
All of the choices above are correct.
Definition
The plants cell's central vacuole...
Term
Stroma
Definition
Of the following, which is NOT associated with the mitochondria?
Term
composed of a variety of different cell types.
Definition
A multicellular organism like a rabbit will be _____________________.
Term
Ribosome
Definition
What cellular organelle is responsible for receiving the mRNA and turning it into a protein?
Term
The nucleus contains the information that ribosomes use to carry out cellular respiration.
Definition
Which statement about the nucleus is incorrect?
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Which cellular organelle is the most prominent?
Term
The nuclear envelope contains pores that allow the mRNA to exit through.
Definition
DNA is housed withing the nucleus, but the mRNA code needs to leave in order to be translated into a protein. How does the mRNA code leave the nucleus of the nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope?
Term
Membrane-associates proteins
Definition
What structures enable the vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to fuse with the cell membranes?
Term
Peroxisome
Definition
Which organelle is primarily responsible for the breakdown of lipids within the cell?
Term
Actin
Definition
If a researcher was interested in slowing down the movement of amoebas by disrupting their cell membranes, which protein filaments should she be studying?
Term
Myosin
Definition
During cellular movement which of the following filaments will be the ones that are responsible for attaching and pulling the other filaments along?
Term
Their cells will not be able to maintain the normal cellular shape
Definition
What are the potential consequences of an individual who suffers from a genetic disorder that prohibits them from properly forming microtubules?
Term
False
Definition
Mitochondria have an inner membrane system called thylakoid membranes.
True or False?
Term
False
Definition
All cells have a cell wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
True or False?
Term
True
Definition
Mitochondria are thought to be derived from aerobic bacteria that became part of the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis.
True or False?
Term
True
Definition
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are able to reproduce independently from the division of the cell.
True or False?
Term
Scientists focused on carbohydrates and proteins in their studies of possible genetic material since they knew that genes were on the chromosomes and that chromosomes were made of carbohydrate and protein.
Definition
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the debate over the nature of the genetic material?
Term
Live R strain and dead S strain; died
Definition
Transformation of bacteria was shown to occur when ____ bacteria were injected into mice and the mice _______.
Term
DNAase
Definition
DNA was shown to the transforming substance when only the ______ enzymes could inhibit transformation.
Term
37%
Definition
If a DNA sample contains 13% adenine, what percentage of the sample contains cytosine?
Term
A + G = T + C
Definition
One of Chargaff's rules states that...
Term
indicating that DNA was a double helix structure
Definition
The X-ray diffraction photography of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins was critical evidence in the study of DNA..
Term
a purine and a pyrimidine
Definition
In the Watson and Crick model of DNA, the "steps" of the ladder are composed...
Term
He missed the number of support strands which was two rather than three.
The support strands ran along the outside rather than down the center.
The bases were paired along the middle rather than sticking out the sides.
All choices are correct
Definition
Before Watson and Crick described DNA structure, Linus Pauling proposed a possible model with three strands of support running down the middle and the bases extending out the sides. How did Pauling's model differ from Watson and Crick's?
Term
genes have no difficulty crossing the species barrier
Definition
Scientists have created genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by isolating and then transferring the jellyfish gene for green fluorescent protein into pigs, bacteria, plants and mice. The result was bioluminescent organisms! these experiments demonstrate that:
Term
Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it
Definition
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT correct?
Term
Histones
Definition
Nucleotides contain all of the following except:
Term
DNA Polymerase
Definition
During DNA replication, the enzyme _____________, catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by adding, to the 3' end of the previous nucleotide, new nucleotides that
Term
DNA can only replicate at one point on a chromosome at one time.
Definition
Which statement is NOT true about DNA replication?
Term
There are many bacterial chromosomes, with replication occurring in each at the same time.
Definition
Which statement is NOT true about DNA replication in prokaryotes?
Term
Replication of the entire genome takes about ten minutes
Definition
Which statement is NOT true about DNA replication in eukaryotes?
Term
it uses the original strand as a template for replication
Definition
DNA replication is considered semiconservative because:
Term
DNA
Definition
An unknown chemical is analyzed and found to contain the bases thymine and guanine. This chemical is most likely...
Term
The old strands serve as a template for the new strand.
Definition
Which of the following statements applies to the semiconservative nature of DNA replication?
Term
True
Definition
Growth at two replication forks arising from a single origin of replication produce a "bubble" as daughter DNA molecules to form.
True or False?
Term
True
Definition
During the replication of DNA, DNA polymerase has to synthesize the daughter strand in the 5' to 3' direction because DNA polymerase can only join nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing new strand.
True or False?
Term
False
Definition
Telomerase is an enzyme that unwinds DNA during DNA replication.
True or False?
Term
Are triplets coding for a single amino acid.
Are the Alphabet of the genetic language.
Each have only one meaning.
All of the choices are correct
Definition
Codons:
Term
UUU, Phenylalanine
Definition
The first codon to be deciphered was ______, which codes for _______.
Term
U-U-U-G-U-U-G-A-A
Definition
Transcription of a part of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of A-A-A-C-A-A-C-T-T results in an mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of...
Term
DNA
Definition
For translation to take place, which of the following would NOT be required to be present?
Term
Production of mRNA
Definition
Which of the following processes does NOT take place during translation?
Term
A protein-coding gene
Definition
Which of the following would be transcribed into mRNA?
Term
Anticodon
Definition
A (an) ________ is a group of three bases on tRNA that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon.
Term
Several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA.
Ribosomes join amino acids to form a polypeptide.
Ribosomes have a binding site for mRNA and three binding sites for tRNA molecules.
No protein synthesis within a cell would occur without ribosomes.
All of the above are correct
Definition
Which of the following statements concerning ribosomes are true?
Term
Isoleucine - Leucine - Proline - Serine - Stop
Definition
Which of the following amino acid chains would be produced from the mRNA sequence AUACUUCCUAGUUGA?
Term
It would take 5 codon sequences.
Definition
Determine the number of codon sequences it would require to produce the following amino acid sequence: Alanine - Proline - Serine - Isoleucine - Stop
Term
Exons
Definition
Which section of the pre-mRNA contains the protein coding regions?
Term
They reflect green wavelengths of lights and absorb blue and red light
Definition
Why are plants green?
Term
Oxygen and Carbohydrates
Definition
What are the end products of photosynthesis?
Term
Plants, Algae, and some Bacteria
Definition
What organisms are capable of photosynthesis?
Term
Chlorophyll C
Definition
Which of these is NOT a major photosynthetic pigment in plants?
Term
The central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
Definition
To what does the term stroma refer?
Term
A stack of thylakoid membrane structures
Definition
To what does the term grana refer?
Term
Photosystem I passes electron on to Photosystem II
Definition
Which statement is NOT true about photosystems?
Term
moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through an ATP synthase complex channel that generates ATP.
Definition
Protons (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems I and II. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space.
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
What structure is required for an organism to be classified as an autotroph?
Term
Carbon dioxide fixation
Definition
Which is most closely associated with the Calvin Cycle?
Term
G3P
Definition
_______ is the product of the Calvin Cycle that is used to form glucose phosphate, amino acids or fatty acids.
Term
Carbon Dioxide in the air spaces in the leaf decreases.
Oxygen in the air spaces in the leaf increases.
C3 plants carry on photorespiration, using oxygen and producing PGA and Carbon Dioxide.
All photosystems as well as photorespiration come to a halt.
All choices but the halting of photosystems are correct.
Definition
When the stomata in a leaf close during the day, then...
Term
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)
Definition
The major enzyme that "fixes" carbon dioxide is called...
Term
Cactus
Definition
Which of the following plants is an example of a CAM plant?
Term
Glucose
Definition
A product of photosynthesis, _________ is the chief source of energy for most organisms.
Term
Photosystem I
Definition
Oxygen production in photosynthesis involves all the following except...
a. photosystem I
b. photosystem II
c. splitting of water
d. light reactions
Term
Oxygen
Definition
G3P is used by plants for all of the following EXCEPT the formation of...
Term
Store carbon dioxide temporarily as oxaloacetate
Are found in hot dry climates
Have a net photosynthetic rate two to three times that of c3 plants
All choices are correct
Definition
C4 Plants...
Term
These reactions are involved in the reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Energy is required in the form of ATP, which is hydrolyzed to ADP. The substrate BPG is reduced, while the coenzyme NADPH is oxidized.
Definition
[image]
Characterize the reactions involved in these reactions of the Calvin Cycle.
Term
have these processes separated by time
Definition
While C4 plants have carbon dioxide fixation and carbon dioxide uptake separated by location within the plant, CAM plants...
Term
A is reduction, B is oxidation
Definition
[image]
Photosynthesis involves oxidation - reduction and the movement of electrons from one molecule to another. Recall what oxidation and reduction reactions are and study the figure to identify A and B as either oxidation or reduction.
Term
just like the action spectrum with peaks at violet/blue and orange/ red and a trough at yellow/green
Definition
The action spectrum of photosynthesis shows a high light absorption for violet/blue and orange/red and a low absorption for green/yellow. If we were to set up an experiment where narrow bands of unicolored light were shown on an aquatic plant such as Elodea, and we counted the number of bubbles of oxygen produced as an indicator of photosynthetic rate, how would the graph appear?
Term
excited electrons are transferred to electron acceptors in the chloroplast
Definition
When an electron has been excited to a higher energy state, it can then drop back to the original level, re-emitting the light as fluorescence. When chlorophyll is extracted in solution, and a bright red or blue light is shown on it, the chlorophyll fluoresces brightly. However, when the chlorophyll is packaged inside chloroplasts and the red or blue light is turned on, there is no fluorescence. This most likely indicates that
Term
The other five G3P molecules are used to regenerate more RuBP
Definition
If the Calvin cycle uses three molecules of CO 2 to produce six molecules of G3P (glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate), but only one G3P molecule is used to form a carbohydrate molecule, what happens to the other carbons that were taken in?
Term
green
Definition
[image]
Use the data provided to identify the lines on the graph as the absorption spectrums of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and the carotenoids. Max. absorption of chlorophyll a - 430 & 662 nm, Max. absorption of chlorophyll b - 453 & 642 nm, Max. absorption of carotenoids - bimodal; approx. 450 & 490 nm. Which line represents chlorophyll a?
Term
blue
Definition
[image]
Use the data provided to identify the lines on the graph as the absorption spectrums of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and the carotenoids. Max. absorption of chlorophyll a - 430 & 662 nm, Max. absorption of chlorophyll b - 453 & 642 nm, Max. absorption of carotenoids - bimodal; approx. 450 & 490 nm. Which line represents chlorophyll b?
Term
red
Definition
[image]
Use the data provided to identify the lines on the graph as the absorption spectrums of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and the carotenoids. Max. absorption of chlorophyll a - 430 & 662 nm, Max. absorption of chlorophyll b - 453 & 642 nm, Max. absorption of carotenoids - bimodal; approx. 450 & 490 nm. Which line represents carotenoids?
Term
A very careful audit of the water taken in and lost by the tree would have revealed only half the added weight gained by the tree.
Carbon is discovered as a major element in trees and is lacking in water molecules
Radioactive carbon in CO 2 in the air is soon located as part of tree structures.
The critical experiment involves the conversion of nutrients in the soil.
All but the nutrient conversion is correct.
Definition
An early experiment by Van Helmont (1600s) describes how he "grew a tree in a large pot and found that after five years, the amount of soil in the pot had not changed. He concluded that the increase in weight was due to the addition of water." At that time, the compounds in the air had not yet been identified. Today, you know that he only discovered half the story. Which additional experiment would provide evidence for the rest of the story?
Term
chloroplast
Definition
During the light reactions what structure is responsible for absorbing the solar energy
Term
they are taken up by NADP + to produce NADPH
Definition
What is the ultimate destination for the energized electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Term
True
Definition
he first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which forms a six-carbon molecule that immediately breaks down into two three-carbon PGA molecules.
Term
True
Definition
The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which a reaction assisted by large quantities of RuBP carboxylase enzyme.
Term
TRUE
Definition
The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which decreases cell carbon dioxide levels, which increases the diffusion gradient.
Term
False
Definition
The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which immediately becomes a six-carbon sugar that is the base for starch, sucrose, cellulose, etc.
Term
True
Definition
Fossil fuels are full of energy stored from photosynthesis millions of years ago.
Term
False
Definition
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Term
False
Definition
Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
Term
False
Definition
Photorespiration is the process by which light is used to release the stored energy in carbohydrate molecules to perform all work in plant cells.
Term
False
Definition
Plants that conduct C-4 metabolism are desert plants.
Term
Animal cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis while plant cells do not.
Definition
Which of the following is NOT true concerning mitosis
Term
is programmed cell death.
is a process that acts to decrease the number of somatic cells.
frees the fingers and toes of the human embryo from their ‘webbed' structure to independent structures.
All of the choices are correct.
Definition
Apoptosis
Term
48 chromosomes
Definition
If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis and cytokinesis occurs?
Term
occupies the majority of the cell cycle
includes G 1, S and G 2 stages
results in an increase in cell size
All of the above
Definition
Interphase:
Term
consist of both DNA and protein
may occur as chromatin.
contain histones responsible for packaging DNA to fit into a small space.
All of the choices are correct.
Definition
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Term
growth of the organism and tissue repair.
asexual reproduction in some species.
to ensure that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information.
All of the choices are correct.
Definition
The function of mitosis is:
Term
46
Definition
The diploid (2n) number of chromosomes for a human being is
Term
23
Definition
The haploid (n) number of chromosomes for a human being is
Term
Mitosis uses a diploid (2n) parent cell to form daughter cells containing a haploid number(n) of chromosomes.
Definition
Which statement is NOT true about mitosis?
Term
G 1, S, G 2, M
Definition
Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?
Term
G 1 phase
Definition
During which stage of the cell cycle is cell growth and most significant?
Term
G 0 phase
Definition
Which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again, such as a muscle or nerve cell?
Term
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Definition
Which sequence of stages in mitosis is correct?
Term
Chromosomes move to opposite poles
Definition
What occurs in anaphase?
Term
can be programmed and is essential to normal development.
Definition
Apoptosis refers to cell death and
Term
mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that divides the nuclear material while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm
Definition
Which statement below best describes the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
Term
True
Definition
Generally, brain and nerve cells are not able to regenerate after injury because they have left the cell cycle and are unable to return.
Term
False
Definition
Organisms produced as a result of mitosis exhibit a great deal of genetic variation.
Term
Definition
Which of the following crosses would always result in offspring that only display the dominant phenotype?
Term
Definition
In a classic Mendelian monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent, which generation is always completely heterozygous?
Term
the genotype can only be tt.
Definition
If a pea plant shows a recessive phenotype,
Term
both their daughters and sons; only their daughters
Definition
Women with X-linked disorders always pass the genes for the disorder to ______, while men with X-linked disorders always pass the genes for the disorder to _______.
Term
Definition
The F2 offspring of a classic Mendelian monohybrid cross would produce the genotype(s)
Term
Aa and aa
Definition
The offspring of a monohybrid testcross would have what possible genotype(s)?
Term
alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes
Definition
What are alleles?
Term
Definition
If an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with a recessive phenotype, 4 of their 9 offspring show the recessive phenotype. What is the genotype of the first parent?
Term
One factor must be dominant and one factor recessive in each individual
Definition
Which is NOT true according to Mendel's law of segregation?
Term
About 1/4 will be white and 3/4 green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross between heterozygotes
Definition
Some plants fail to produce chlorophyll, and this trait appears to be recessive. Many plants also self-pollinate. If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it and harvest seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of these seeds when they germinate?
Term
an autosomal recessive characteristic with both parents being heterozygous
Definition
[image]
The pedigree chart depicts the inheritance pattern of ____. Circles depict females and squares depict males. Colored shapes represent affected individuals (expressing a trait) and uncolored shapes are unaffected (do not express a trait).
Term
AO, BO, AB, and OO only
Definition
If the parents are AO and BO genotypes for the ABO blood group, their children could include which of the following genotypes?
Term
The selective-mating of closely related individuals, or inbreeding, increases chances that two recessive genes will "meet" in offspring
Definition
Lethal genes (genes that result in the failure to develop a vital organ or metabolic pathway) are nearly always recessive. Animal breeders who discover a unique trait and selectively breed to increase the occurrence of that trait often encounter a noticeable increase in lethal genes. Why?
Term
Two Rh- parents could have an Rh+ child
Definition
In 1940, two researchers named Weiner and Landsteiner discovered that about 85 percent of the human population sampled possessed a blood cell protein that had been previously detected in Rhesus monkeys. This blood type was labeled Rh positive, and Rh+ was found to be dominant over the absence of the blood factor (Rh). Under normal Mendelian inheritance, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Term
no matter what the first child's phenotype, the next child will have a 1/4 chance of being phenotypically recessive.
Definition
Since each child of two heterozygous parents has a 50% chance of receiving a recessive trait from each parent,
Term
Two of the above are situations that would cast doubt on this assumption.
Definition
The ability to roll the edges of the tongue upward in a U-shape has been considered to be an inherited ability. The standard assumption is that tongue-rolling is a dominant allele at a single gene locus. Which of the following would cast doubt on this assumption?
Term
rarely would exactly 100 fly offspring be produced or survive.
an exact balance between males and females would be rare.
a precise 3-to-1 ratio would be uncommon.
All of the choices are true.
Definition
Computer simulations are sometimes used to demonstrate the outcome of monohybrid fruit fly crosses, where a student can run generation after generation of fruit flies with 100 offspring produced each generation, half male and half female, and a 3-to-1 phenotype ratio (or 75 to 25) in the F1generation. Compared with real genetics results,
Term
dihybrid cross
Definition
In what kind of classic Mendelian cross would you expect to find a ratio of 9:3:3:1 among the F2offspring?
Term
50% since the mother is the only carrier
Definition
If a woman is a carrier for the color-blind recessive allele and her husband is normal, what are their chances that a son will be color-blind?
Term
Homozygous recessive
Definition
A testcross involves an individual exhibiting the dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has a(n) ___________ genotype.
Term
two of the options may be correct
Definition
If individuals exhibiting a dominant phenotype are crossed and produce only offspring with the dominant phenotype, what would be the logical genotype of the parents?
Term
yes; TtEe; ttee
Definition
If a human who is a tongue roller (T) and has unattached ear lobes (E) marries a person who cannot roll their tongue and has attached earlobes, could they produce an offspring that was also a non-tongue roller with attached earlobes? What would be the genotype of the first parent? the second parent?
Term
two of the above are true
Definition
When crossing a true-breeding red snapdragon flower with a true-breeding white flower of the same species, we secure all pink offspring. This would seem to support the pre-Mendel view that inheritance is a blending of parental traits. However, Mendel and conventional wisdom agree that "blending" of parental traits is not correct and that particles of inheritance are actually involved because
Term
AA
Definition
Which allele combination represents a homozygous dominant individual?
Term
aa
Definition
Which allele combination represents a homozygous recessive individual?
Term
causes various symptoms to appear even though it only impacts a single gene
Definition
Pleiotropy typically
Term
Tall = TT or Tt while short = tt
Definition
During Mendel's pea plants experiment he discovered that the trait for tallness is dominant to that of shortness. Which of the following statements is correct?
Term
incomplete inheritance
Definition
When a round fruit plant is crossed with a long fruit plant their offspring are oval. What is the best explanation for this scenario?
Term
Each gamete will contain two factors for a trait
Definition
Which of the following is not part of Mendel's law of segregation?
Term
True
Definition
Each gamete carries one factor, now called an allele, for each inherited trait.
Term
False
Definition
If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait, the gametes that individual produces will contain 3/4 dominant and 1/4 recessive alleles.
Term
True
Definition
Polygenic traits such as height or weight are often influenced by the environment of the organism
Term
metabolism
Definition
All of the biochemical pathways in a cell constitute
Term
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Definition
Which organelles contain functioning ATP synthetase complexes in their membranes?
Term
the presence of lead
Definition
The activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except ________.
Term
kinetic energy; fat molecules
Definition
Which form of energy is NOT correctly associated with the related example?
Term
Definition
Which best describes the first law of thermodynamics?
Term
Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs
Definition
Which best describes the second law of thermodynamics?
Term
Definition
A living organism represents stored energy in the form of chemical compounds. When an organism dies, what happens to this stored energy?
Term
can only occur if there is an input of energy.
Definition
Endergonic reactions:
Term
Reactions that occur spontaneously are those that increase the amount of useful energy in a system.
Definition
Which of these statements is NOT a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?
Term
used to drive an endergonic reaction
Definition
Coupling occurs when the energy released by an exergonic reaction is:
Term
ADP and phosphate.
Definition
The subunits from which ATP is made are:
Term
a molecule that carries a great deal of chemical energy in a chemical bond
Definition
ATP is considered to be
Term
the adenosine diphosphate and the third phosphate
Definition
ATP is considered a high-energy compound because under cellular conditions, 7.3 kcal per mole of energy is released when a bond is broken between:
Term
As the substrate binds to the enzyme, the shape of the active site changes to accommodate the reaction
Definition
Which statement describes the currently accepted theory of how an enzyme and its substrate fit together?
Term
An enzyme's activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration.
Definition
Which statement is NOT true about how various conditions will affect the activity of an enzyme?
Term
Hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane by carrier proteins of the electron transport chain.
Definition
What establishes the electrochemical gradient across a membrane to provide energy for ATP production?
Term
In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme.
In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the allosteric site of the substrate.
Most inhibitors act in a reversible fashion.
All of the statements are true.
Definition
Which statement is NOT true about enzyme inhibition?
Term
a nonprotein organic cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work
Definition
A coenzyme is
Term
uses heat released by one reaction to fuel the other reaction.
utilizes ATP to carry energy between the exergonic and endergonic reactions.
All of the choices are correct
Definition
Energy coupling of endergonic and exergonic reactions within cells
Term
addition of distilled water
Definition
Of the following, which process will not denature a protein?
Term
the system consists of a series of membrane bound carriers that transfer electrons from one carrier to another.
high energy electrons enter the system and low energy electrons exit the system.
energy release occurs when the electron transfers from one carrier to another.
All of the choices are correct.
Definition
In the electron transport systems of chloroplasts and mitochondria,
Term
D refers to the product
Definition
[image]
Which of the following labels is incorrectly identified.
Term
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
An automobile engine is about 20 - 30% efficient in converting chemical energy to mechanical energy. Cells are about 39% efficient in the transformation of glucose to ATP. The rest of the energy is lost as heat. This is illustrative of the:
Term
Eventually sunlight that is absorbed on the earth returns to space as dispersed heat.
Definition
Which of the following is consistent with the laws of physics governing energy?
Term
the cellular energy expended in "thinking" must be less than the chemical bond energy supplied in food to these brain cells
Definition
While science is not yet able to describe the phenomenon of "thinking" in physical terms, we can be certain that it is a process involving the metabolism of brain cells. With positron emission tomography (PET scan) it is possible to inject short-lived isotopes and image the regions of the brain that have the most active metabolism during various mental activities. For different mental functions, different regions and amounts of nerve cells become active. However,
Term
The reaction will continue, since the enzyme is not denatured by the reaction.
Definition
While eating a container of yogurt, you have to leave, so you store the yogurt in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquified products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time?
Term
are about twelve enzymes, at least one responsible for each step in the metabolic pathway
Definition
If there are twelve different intermediate products produced in the stages of a metabolic pathway within a cell, we can expect that there
Term
Both taking lactase enzyme and avoiding all dairy products would be correct
Definition
Lactose is milk sugar, and humans produce substantial lactase enzyme to digest it when we are infants. However, we soon lose some or even all of our lactase after childhood. In such cases, undigested lactose passes to the lower intestine where bacteria break it down into lactic acid and CO 2, causing painful gas and bloating. This problem could be avoided by
Term
oxidized; reduced
Definition
[image]
In this reaction, the reactant (s) are _____________ and the coenzyme NAD is ____________.
Term
Energy of activation
Definition
[image]
Study the figure. What does the letter A depict?
Term
Energy of reactants; Energy of products
Definition
[image]
Study the graph. The letter ‘B ' depicts the _____, while ‘C' depicts ________.
Term
endergonic
Definition
[image]
If the reaction graphed at right is coupled with D [image] E, then D [image] E is:
Term
glucose and oxygen
Definition
Which of the following substrates are required to run cellular respiration
Term
glucose and oxygen
Definition
What are the end products of photosynthesis?
Term
NAD +
Definition
What is the coenzyme used during the cellular respiration pathway to produce oxidation?
Term
6 H 20
Definition
Which substrate is missing: 6CO 2 + ______ + energy = C6H 12O 6 + 6O 2
Term
heat
Definition
During the conversion of glucose into a free form of energy only a small percentage is converted into useable ATP. What is the rest of the energy converted into?
Term
6 H 2O
Definition
If an organism runs photosynthesis for its main form of energy, the removal of what substrate would limit it's growth?
Term
True
Definition
If a change in pH alters an allosteric site where an inhibitor binds, but doesn't change the active site for the intended substrate, it would be possible for an enzymatically controlled reaction to occur as normal.
Term
True
Definition
In order to roll a rock down a hillside, you must first push it up out of the hole in which it rests. Pushing the rock is analogous to the energy of activation of a chemical reaction
Term
True
Definition
Feedback inhibition is the process that turns off an enzyme in a metabolic pathway as the result of inhibitory actions of a product of the pathway.
Term
True
Definition
The energy for ATP synthesis in chemiosmotic phosphorylation comes from the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane creating a concentration gradient.
Term
False
Definition
An enzyme is a globular protein that inhibits the formation of chemical bonds within the enzyme's substrate(s) causing the rate of the reaction to slow down.
Term
ZYGOTE
Definition
The cell formed through fertilization of an egg by a sperm is called a/an
Term
16
Definition
If a sperm cell contains 8 chromosomes, it comes from an animal that has ______ chromosomes.
Term
PROPHASE I
Definition
During which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?
Term
carry the same alleles for all traits
Definition
Homologous chromosomes are similar in all of these characteristics EXCEPT:
Term
It increases the likelihood that daughter cells contain different genetic material.
Definition
What is the importance of crossing-over?
Term
a structure that holds together homologues during crossing-over
Definition
To what does the term chiasma refer?
Term
metaphase I
Definition
During which stage of meiosis are the tetrads (bivalents) arranged along the equator
Term
anaphase I
Definition
During which stage of meiosis does the homologue separation occur?
Term
Each homologue's centromere splits to form two chromosomes.
Definition
Each homologue's centromere splits to form two chromosomes.
Term
offspring inherit essentially 50% of their genes from each parent, but two sibling offspring may share with each other from zero to 23 chromosomes in common from each parent, and further variation may occur due to crossing-over.
Definition
Before the time of Gregor Mendel and genetics, sexual reproduction was thought to produce a blending or equal mixing of the parents' traits. Today we know that
Term
TESTES
Definition
Where in the human male does spermatogenesis occur
Term
crossing over
Definition
Which of the following events occurs during prophase I but does not occur during prophase of mitosis?
Term
Independent assortment
Definition
During _______________ the homologous chromosome pairs separate in a random fashion leading to genetic diversity among the offspring.
Term
26
Definition
If the diploid number of chromosomes for an organisms is 52, what will the haploid number of chromosomes be?
Term
integral if they are embedded in the membrane and protrude from both surfaces of the bilayer.
Definition
Proteins in a membrane are:
Term
requires an input of ATP.
Definition
Active Transport
Term
Aquaporin
Definition
The newly discovered membrane channel protein that accounts for why water can cross membrane more quickly than expected is:
Term
phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm
Definition
In a phospholipid bilayer, the
Term
The movement of proteins and phospholipids can occur sideways within the plane of the membrane.
Definition
Which statement is true about the plasma membrane?
Term
initiating the replication of the genetic material
Definition
Which phrase does NOT describe one of the functions of proteins of the plasma membrane?
Term
on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane
Definition
Red blood cells come in many “blood types” including type A, type B, type AB, type O (lacking proteins A and B), Rh positive, and Rh negative (lacking Rh +) and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or “foreign” proteins. These blood type proteins are...
Term
the size of the molecule
the shape of the molecule.
the chemical properties of the molecule
the charge of the molecule
Definition
Whether a molecule can cross the plasma membrane depends upon
Term
Water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution
Definition
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which will occur?
Term
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentation to an area of lower water concentration.
Definition
Which is the best definition of osmosis
Term
cell recognition proteins
major histocompatibility complex proteins
carbohydrate chains in the cell membrane
all of the choices are involved in tissue transplantation
Definition
Having similar _____________ would allow tissues and organs to be transplanted easily
Term
hypotonic, a contractile vacuole
Definition
Freshwater protozoans react to a/an _____ environment by removing water through _____.
Term
production of proteins used in construction of the cell wall
Definition
The major functions of the plasma membrane do NOT include
Term
Different glycolipids and glycoproteins are produced internally and moved into the plasma membrane
Definition
Some parasites and disease agents regularly change their identity before our immune system can build up substantial antibodies. How could cells change their chemical identity on a regular basis?
Term
cells contain water vacuoles that are full of water.
Definition
Plants show turgor pressure when
Term
movement of a substance against its concentration through the release of energy from ATP
Definition
Which is the best definition of active transport?
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
Sugars and amino acids are carried into the cell by means of
Term
hypertonic
Definition
[image]
A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. The solution in the thistle tube is ____________ to the solution in the beaker.
Term
In the 5% solution
Definition
[image]
A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. Where is the highest concentration of water found?.
Term
The water will move from the beaker to the tube.
Definition
[image]
A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. There is a differentially permeable membrane across the broad end of the tube, which is permeable to water but not to the sugar glucose. What will occur over time to the water?
Term
the 10% solution will becomre less concentrated and the 5% solution will become more concentrated.
Definition
[image]
A 10% glucose solution is placed in the thistle tube. The thistle tube is placed in a beaker that contains a 5% glucose solution. There is a differentially permeable membrane across the broad end of the tube, which is permeable to water but not to the sugar glucose. As diffusion occurs:
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
[image]
Study the series of pictures to identify the process as:
Term
the heads should be outside and the tails inside
Definition
[image]
Why does this model of a phospholipid bilayer not ‘work’
Term
isotonic
Definition
In a human cell, there are times that there is no net movement of water. The amount leaving the cell and entering the cell is the same. In what type of environment is this cell found?
Term
Plasma membrane folds increase the surface area.
Carrier proteins speed the rate at which a solute crosses the plasma membrane in the direction of decreasing concentration.
Mitochondria are concentrated near membranes to provide energy for active transport of molecules or ions.
Large molecules are engulfed by vesicle formation.
All of the choices are correct
Definition
Eukaryotic cells are substantially larger than bacterial cells and average over 20 times more volume-per-surface-area than bacterial cells. How can the eukaryotic cell membrane provide this higher rate of exchange of materials?
Term
a proton (H +) pump
Definition
All life forms currently have a basic cell membrane so we presume that the earliest forms of life had this "fence" isolating the internal organization from the external chaos. It is likely that the primordial environment was acidic. In such a case, the cell membrane would have to include
Term
The plant's cells would lose water and plasmolysis would occur.
Definition
If a living plant were moved from a freshwater aquarium to a saltwater aquarium, which of the following would occur?
Term
loss of water due to the salt solution resulting in a decrease in turgor pressure
Definition
Which of the following is the reason plants wilt if they are watered with a salt solution
Term
active
Definition
What type of transport medium is required to move sodium ions against their concentration gradient?
Term
The amount of active transport in the kidneys would significantly decrease
Definition
The amount of active transport in the kidneys would significantly decrease
Term
exocytosis
Definition
Which process is responsible for moving cellular wastes across the cell membrane
Term
Definition
Which of the following is an example of active transport through a cell membrane?
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
Which type of cellular process will most likely be used by an amoeba in order to obtain food?
Term
True
Definition
The process by which a white blood cell or an amoeba engulfs bacteria is called phagocytosis.
Term
True
Definition
An extracellular matrix helps some cells to adhere to neighboring cells.
Term
True
Definition
In the sodium-potassium pump, sodium is transported out of the cell and potassium is transported into the cell as ATP is broken by a membrane protein.
