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Definition
| the two strands of DNA double helix are unwound in a gene region; exposed bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) of one strand become the template for assembling a single strand of RNA; only on type of RNA (messenger RNA) transcript encodes the message that gets translated |
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| amino acids are bounded together into a polypeptide chain in a sequence specified by base triplets in messenger RNA; Transfer RNA delivers amino acids one at a time to ribosomes an RNA component of ribosomes catalyzes the chain-building reaction |
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| a single strand of ribonucleictides transcribed from DNA; the only type of RNA that carries protein-building information to ribosomes |
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| a class of RNA that becomes complexed with proteins to form ribosomes; some catalyze assemble of polypeptide chains |
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| on of a class of small RNA molecules that delivers amino acids to a ribosome; its anticodon pairs with an mRNA codon during translation |
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| one of the four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotide monomers of RNA; also applies to a nucleotide with a uracil base component; like thymine, uracil can base-pair with adenine |
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| enzyme that adds ribonucleotides one at a time to the end of a growing strand of RNA |
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| a "start signal"; a base sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerases bind and prepare for transcription |
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| protein-coding base sequences that are interrupted by noncoding sequences |
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| the event by which the same gene can specify two or more slightly different proteins, all exons in a pre-mRNA transcript of the gene are retained or some are removed and the rest spiced in various combinations for the mature transcript; one gene can specify two or more proteins that differ slightly in form and function |
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Definition
| the set of 64 different codons |
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Definition
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Definition
| a ribonucleotide base triplet that can base-pair with a complementary codon in an mRNA transcript; used with tRNA binding to mRNA |
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Definition
| freedom in codon-anticodon paring at a base where a third base can join in a codon |
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Definition
| the only kind of tRNA that can start the initiation stage of translation; it is the complementary to the START codon of every mRNA transcript |
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| elongation stage of translation |
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Definition
| 2nd stage of translation; a polypeptide chain is synthesized while the mRNA passes between the two ribosomal subunits |
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| last stage of translation; the mRNA's STOP codon enters the ribosome which causes the polypeptide chain and the mRNA to detach from the ribosome |
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| changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule; can alter the message that becomes encoded in mRNA |
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| the wrong nucleotide may become paired with an exposed base on the DNA template and slip by proofreading and repair enzymes, so when it is translated, it may call for the wrong amino acid or a premature STOP codon |
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Definition
| one or more base pairs become inserted into DNA; frameshift mutation |
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Definition
| one or more base pairs are deleted from DNA; frameshift mutation |
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Definition
| shifts the "three-bases-at-a-time" reading frame, ultimately altering the protein |
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| transposable element; a stretch of DNA that jumps spontaneously and randomly to a different location in the genome and may mutate a gene |
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| form of radiation with enough energy to eject electrons from atoms |
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| form of radiation that carries enough energy to boost electrons to higher energy levels but not enough to eject them from an atom |
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| of a molecule, replacement of a hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbon group |
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