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| Units of information on heritable traits, which parents transmit to offspring. Each gene has a specific location in chromosomal DNA. |
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| Cells with a diploid chromosome number (2n) have pairs of genes, on pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
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| Alters a gene's molecular structure and its message about a trait. It may cause a trait to change, as when a gene for flower color specifies yellow and a mutant form of the gene specifies white. |
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| All molecular forms of the same gene. |
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Offspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of a trait.
Each inherited nonidentical alleles for a trait being studied. |
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| Has a pair of dominant alleles (AA) for the trait under study. |
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| Has a pair of recessive alleles (aa). |
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| Has a pair of nonidentical alleles (Aa) |
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| particular alleles that an individual carries (genetic makeup) |
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| an individual's observable traits (can be seen physically) |
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| Two homozygous parents differ in a trait that is governed by alleles of one gene. They are crossed to produce F1 offspring that are all heterozygous. |
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| The change that each outcome of an event will occur is proportional to the number of ways in which the outcome can be reached. |
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| A simple way to predict that probably outcomes of a genetic cross by constructing and filling in a diagram of all possible combinations of genotypes, phenotypes, or both. |
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| A cross that might reveal the (unknown) genotype of an individual showing dominance for a trait; the individual is crossed with a known homozygous recessive individual. |
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| Mendel's Theory of Segregation |
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| Diploid have pairs of genes, on pairs of homologous chromosomes. The two genes of each pair are separated from each other during meiosis, so they end up in different gametes. |
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| Start with a cross between true breeding homozygous parents that differ in two traits governed by alleles of two genes. The F1 offspring are all heterozygous for the alleles of both genes. |
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| Mendel's Theory of Independent Assortment |
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| As meiosis ends, genes on pairs of homologous chromosomes have been sorted out for distribution into one gamete or another, independently of gene pairs on other chromosomes. |
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| a pair of nonidentical alleles affecting two phenotypes are both expressed at the same time in heterozygotes |
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| Three or more slightly different molecular forms of a gene that persists among the individuals of a population. |
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| one allele of a pair is not fully dominant over its partner, so the heterozygote's phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygotes |
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An interaction among products of two or more gene pairs that influence the same trait.
Example: Coat color of mice. |
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A case of alleles at a single gene locus having positive or negative impact on two or more traits.
Example: Mutation that causes sickle ell anemia. This single gene mutation "sickles" the blood cells, leading to systemic symptoms such as heart, lung, and kidney damage; muscle pain; weakness; and generalized fatigue. |
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| All genes on a chromosome. |
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| a rare abnormality that affects the shape and movement of fingers |
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| Of individuals of a population, a range of small differences in the phenotypic expression of a trait. |
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Inheritance of multiple genes that affect the same trait.
Eye color is an example of a polygenic trait. The tone (color), amount (blue eyes have less than brown eyes), and position (how evenly distributed the pigment is) of pigment all play a role in determining eye color.
Skin color. |
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| idealized statistical distribution of the continuous variation in a population for a trait of interest |
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