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AP Biology
Ch. 14
21
Biology
12th Grade
05/02/2011

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Term
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
a single strand of ribonucleotides transcribed from DNA; only type of RNA that carries protein-building information to the ribosomes
Term
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Definition
class of RNA that becomes complexed with proteins to form ribosomes; some catalyze assembly of polypeptide chains
Term
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
one of a class of small RNA molecules that delivers amino acids to a ribosome. its anticodon pairs with a mRNA codon during translation
Term
transcription
Definition
first stage of protein synthesis. An RNA strand is assembled from nucleotides using a gene region in DNA as a template
Term
translation
Definition
second stage of protein synthesis. at ribosomes, information encoded in an mRNA transcript guides the synthesis of a new polypeptide chain from amino acids
Term
uracil
Definition
one of the four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotide monomers of RNA; also applies to a nucleotide with a uracil base component. like thymine, uracil pairs with adenine (mRNA)
Term
RNA polymerase
Definition
enzyme that catalyzes transcription of DNA into RNA
Term
promoter
Definition
short stretch of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds. Transcription then begins at the gene closest to the promoter
Term
intron
Definition
one of the noncoding sequences in eukaryotic genes; it is excised from the pre-mRNA transcripts before tanslation
Term
exon
Definition
base sequence in eukaryotic DNA that is part or all of a protein-encoding gene; may or may not be excised from pre-mRNA during transcript processing
Term
alternating splicing
Definition
event by which the same gene can specify two or more slightly different proteins. All exons in a pre-mRNA transcript of the gene are retained or some are removed and the rest spliced in various combinations for the mature transcript.
Term
codon
Definition
a basic triplet; a linear sequence of three nucleotides in a mRNA transcript; a code for amino acid or a termination signal that gets translated during the protein synthesis.
Term
genetic code
Definition
correspondence between triplets of nucleotides in DNA and mRNA, and specific sequences of amino acidsin a polypeptide chain; near-universial language of protein synthesis; mitochondria and a few species have a few variant code words.
Term
anticodon
Definition
series of three nucleotide bases in tRNA that can base-pair with mRNA codons.
Term
gene mutation
Definition
small-scale change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene; can result in an altered protein product.
Term
base-pair substitution
Definition
mutation in which one nucleotide is wrongly substituted for another DNA replication.
Term
insertion
Definition
a mutation by which one or more bases are introduced into a DNA strand. Also a movable attachment of muscle to bone.
Term
deletion
Definition
Loss of a chromosome segment; often leads to genetic disorders. Also the loss of one or more nucleotide bases from a DNA molecule.
Term
transposon
Definition
Transposable element. A stretch of DNA that jumps spontaneously and randomly to a different location in the genome and may mutate a gene.
Term
ionizing radiation
Definition
form of radiation with enough energy to eject electrons from atoms
Term
non-ionizing radiation
Definition
form of radiation that carries enough energy to boost electrons to higher energy levels but no enough to eject them from an atom
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