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AP Biology
Circulation
35
Biology
12th Grade
05/02/2011

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Term
Circulatory System
Definition
Organ system that rapidly transports substances to and from cells; typically consists of a heart, blood vessels, and blood; also helps to stabilize body temperature and pH in some animals
Term
Blood
Definition
A fluid connective tissue that is the transport medium of circulatory systems
Term
Heart
Definition
Muscular pump; its contractions circulate blood through the animal body
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
All fluid in spaces between cells of all tissues except the connective tissue called blood
Term
Open Circulatory System
Definition
Blood flows out of muscular vessels or one or more hearts, mingles with fluid in body tissues, then flows back in
Term
Closed Circulatory System
Definition
Confines blood in a heart and blood vessels of different thickness and diameter
Term
Pulmonary Circuit
Definition
Cardiovascular route in which oxygen-poor blood flows to lungs from the heart, gets oxygenated, then flows back to the heart; flows to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and returns through pulmonary veins
Term
Systemic Circuit
Definition
Cardiovascular route in which oxygenated blood flows from the heart to the rest of the body, where it gives up oxygen and takes up carbon dioxide, then flows back to the heart
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
Organ system with vessels that return excess interstitial fluid and reclaimable solutes to blood and with lymphoid organs that function in defense
Term
Functions of Blood
Definition
Transport oxygen, nutrients, and other solutes to cells
Term
Stem Cell
Definition
Unspecialized cell, retains a capacity for mitotic cell division; can develop into any living cell
Term
Plasma
Definition
90% water; liquid portion of blood; mainly water and dissolved ions, proteins, sugars, gases, and other solutes
Term
Red Blood Cells
Definition
Erythrocytes; functions in the efficient transport of oxygen in blood
Term
Cell Count
Definition
Measure of the quantity of cells of a specialized type in 1 cubic millimeter of blood
Term
White Blood Cells
Definition
Leukocytes; participant in innate or adaptive immunity, or both
Term
Platelets
Definition
Lasts 5 to 9 days; a megakaryocyte fragment; it releases substances that help form clots in blood
Term
Anemias
Definition
Type of disorder resulting from having too few functional red blood cells
Term
Agglutination
Definition
A vertebrate defense response; antibodies bind antigen and form insoluble clumps that attract phagocytes
Term
ABO Blood Typing
Definition
Method of identifying which self-recognition proteins of types A and B are at the surface of an individual's red blood cells; the absence of either type is designated O.
Term
Rh Blood Typing
Definition
Method of determining whether Rh-positive, a type of surface recognition protein, is present in an individual's red blood cells; if absent, the cell is Rh-negative
Term
Aorta
Definition
Of vertebrates, the main artery of systemic circulation; from the heart.
Term
Cardiac Cycle
Definition
A recurring sequence of muscle contraction and relaxation that corresponds to one heartbeat
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
A contractile tissue present in the heart wall; involuntary, striated, and auto-rhythmic
Term
Cardiac Conduction System
Definition
A set of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate and send signals that make regular cardiac muscle cells contract; the SA node, AV node, and junctional fibers that link them.
Term
Cardiac Pacemaker
Definition
Sinoatrial (SA) node; a cluster of self excitatory cardiac muscle cells that spontaneously started contracting first; they continue to set the normal rate of heartbeat
Term
Arteries
Definition
A thick-walled, muscular, rapid-transport vessel that smooths out pulses of pressure generated by heartbeats.
Term
Arterioles
Definition
Type of blood vessel in between arteries and capillaries; selectively distributing more of the total blood volume to different organs in a given interval requires controls over dilation and constriction of the diameter of arterioles
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Smallest diameter blood vessel; exchanges between interstitial fluid and blood occur across its wall, which is only one cell thick
Term
Venules
Definition
A small blood vessel that connects several capillaries to a vein
Term
Veins
Definition
Any of the large-diameter vessels that lead back to the heart
Term
Blood Pressure
Definition
Fluid pressure generated by heartbeats that causes blood circulation
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
An increase in blood vessel diameter, arterioles especially.
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
A decrease in blood vessel diameter, especially, arterioles
Term
Bulk Flow
Definition
The mass movement of one or more substances in the same direction, most often in response to pressure
Term
Ultrafiltration
Definition
Bulk flow of some protein-free plasma out of a blood capillary when outward-directed blood pressure exceeds the inward-directed osmotic movement of interstitial fluid
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