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| The body's ability to resist and combat infections. |
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| Any molecular pattern that triggers an immune response. |
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| Set of proteins that circulate in inactive form in blood. Active kinds attract phagocytes and ehance their binding to antigen, promote inflammation, and induce lysis of pathogens during both innate and adaptive immune responses. |
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| Immediate, off-the-shelf set of responses to tissue invasion that rid the body of most pathogens. Recognition of a fixed set of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggers phagocytosis, inflammation, and complement activation. |
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| Cytokines are proteins that are produced by cells. Cytokines interact with cells of the immune system in order to regulate the body's response to disease and infection. (Signaling molecules that evolved in jawed fishes.) |
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| A class of white blood cells. |
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| The mechanisms that defend the vertebrate body against specific threats to health, as characterized by self/nonself recognition, specificity, diversity, and memory. All antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses to antigen. |
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| Abundant circulating white blood cell; mainly phagocytic in innate immunity; its enzymes kill extracellular microbes and stimulates inflammation. |
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| Phagocytic white blood cell; in vertebrates, it takes part in nonspecific defenses and adaptive immunity. |
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| Phagocytic white blood cell; mainly presents antigen to naive T cells. |
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| White blood cell circulating in blood that secretes histamine and other substances with roles in inflammation. |
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| White blood cell in connective tissue; secretes most of the cytokines during an innate immune response. |
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| A white blood cell that, during inflammatory responses, secretes enzymes and taxins that target extracellular parasites too large for phagocytosis. |
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| B cell. Type of white blood cell central to immune responses; only cell that makes antibodies. |
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| T cell. White blood cell that regulates vertebrate immune responses by way of cytokines; cytotoxic T cells carry out cell-mediated immunity. |
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| (NK cell) One of the cytotoxic lymphocytes of innate and adaptive immunity; touch-kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells. |
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| Infection-fighting enzyme in mucous membranes; e.g., of mouth. |
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| A swift response to tissue irritation or tissue damage. Redness, warmth, swelling, and pain are its outward symptoms. |
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| Local signaling molecule that stimulates inflammation; makes arterioles vasodilate and capillaries more permeable. |
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| An internally induced rise in core body temperature above a set point in the hypothalamic temperature control center. |
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| (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Also called HLA (human leukocyte antigen). Type of proteins at the surface of body cells that T cells recognize as self-markers. Sounds the immune alarm when it becomes complexed with antigen fragments. |
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| Antigen-binding receptor of T cells. |
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| Means that a new B cell or T cells makes receptors for one-and only one- kind of antigen. |
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| Refers to the collection of antigen receptors on all B and T cells in the body. |
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| Refers to the immune system's capacity to "remember" antigen that it vanquished. The first time lymphocytes recognize an antigen, it takes a few days for their population to form. When the same antigen shows up again, the system makes a faster, heightened response. |
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| Differentiated lymphocytes that act immediately against the antigen. |
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| Long-lived B and T cells that develop during the first exposure to an antigen. They are set aside for any future encounters with the same antigen. |
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| Directly cause target's lysis; enhance lymphocyte actions. |
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| Cell-to-cell and cell-to-tissue communication. |
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| Interleukin Function (a Cytokine) |
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Definition
| Help in inflammation, fever, chemotaxis by neutrophils, formation of T and B cell populations; stimulate stem cells in bone marrow; activate NK cells |
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| Interferon Function (a Cytokine) |
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| Help resist viral infections; activate NK cells. |
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| TNF Function (a Cytokine) |
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| Help in inflammation; kill tumor cells. |
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| Antimicrobial enzymes and peptides, complement, clotting factors, protease inhibitors, toxins, hormones with diverse targets and functions. |
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| Intact skin and epithelia that line the body's tubes and cavities, such as the gut and eye sockets. |
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| Sticky mucus; broomlike actions of cilia; flushing action of tears, saliva, urination, diarrhea. |
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| Protective secretions (sebum and other waxy coatings); low pH of urine, gastric juices, urinary and vaginal tracts; infection-fighting chemiclas such as lysozymes; established populations of neutral or beneficial microbes. |
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| Antibody-Mediated Immune Response |
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Definition
| One of two arms of adaptive immunity in which antibodies are produced in response to a specific antigen; mediated by B cells. |
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| Pathogens that evade B cells. They hide and often reproduce inside body cells while draining the life out of them. They are vulnerable only for the brief time when they are slipping out of one cell and infecting others. |
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| Cell-Mediated Immune Response |
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| Actions of sensitized phagocytes and cytotoxic T cells that directly destroy infected or cancerous body cells. |
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| Antigen-binding glycoprotein made and secreted only by B cells; during adaptive immunity, activates complement, neutralizes toxins, enhances phagocytosis, immobilizes internal pathogens or parasites. |
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| An unvarying domain that forms the molecule's backbone. |
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| A domain for one antigen. |
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| One of the five classes of antibodies, each with antigen-binding and class-specific structural components. |
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| The surface immunoglobulins that function as the B cell's antigen receptors. |
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| A process that promotes immunity from disease; e.g., vaccination. |
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| A peparation that contains antigen. |
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| A type of antigen-containing preparation introduced into the body to prime the immune system to recognize the threat before actual infection. |
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| A normally harmless substance that can provoke immune responses. |
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| Hypersensitivity to an allergen. |
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| Inappropriate lymphocyte attack on normal body cells; misdirected attack against one's own tissues. |
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| Response Time (Innate Immunity) |
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Definition
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| How Antigen Is Detected (Innate Immunity) |
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Definition
| Fixed gene sequences for unchanging set of about 1,000 receptors. |
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| What Is Innate Immunity Triggered By? |
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| Damage to tissues; patterns on microbes. |
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| Response Time (Adaptive Immunity) |
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| How Antigen Is Detected (Adaptive Immunity) |
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| Random recombinations of genes sequences can code for possibly billions of receptors. |
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| What Is Adaptive Immunity Triggered By? |
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| Pathogens, toxins, abnormally altered body cells. |
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