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Definition
| relay new signals to effectors- muscles and glands- that carry out responses. |
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Definition
| structurally and metabolically support neurons. |
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| asymmetrically mesh of neurons that controls simple movements (cnidarians). |
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Definition
| cluster of nerve cells that function as a local integrating center. |
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Definition
| the formation of a head- bilateral nervous systems. |
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Definition
| brain and spinal cord (vertebrates). |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| the nerves extending through the rest of the body. |
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Definition
| deliver signals to the central system. |
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Definition
| carry signals out of the central system. |
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Definition
| detects a stimulus at one or more receptor endings and relays info about it to other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| receive, process, and store sensory information and they interact to integrate most of the responses to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron cell fiber, input zone where signals arrive. |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron cell fiber, input zone where signals arrive. most have branched endings that are output zones- action potentials changed into signals to be sent to other cells. |
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| steady voltage difference across the neuron's plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| the electric gradient briefly reverses itself in an abrupt response to stimulation. it sets in motion a series of fleeting reversals that travel from input to output zone. |
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Definition
| maintain the ion gradients and restore them after they have been reversed during an action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| the functional bridge between a neuron and some other cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of signaling molecule that is synthesized in neurons only. |
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Term
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Definition
| it can drive the membrane toward the threshold of an action potential. |
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Definition
| pulls the membrane away from the threshold of an action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| released by a motor neuron, binds to membrane receptors on muscle fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| a postsynaptic neuron sums all signals that are arriving at its input zone on more than one communication line. |
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Term
| norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters made from the amino acid tyrosine. (n and e) prime the body to respond to stress and (d) affects fine motor control and pleasure-seeking behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter that affects mood and memory. |
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Term
| gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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Definition
| the major inhibitor of neurotransmitter release by other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| magnify or reduce the effects of neurotransmitters on neurons. |
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Term
| enkephalins and endorphins |
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Definition
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Definition
| the framework that holds neurons in place. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of signaling molecule secreted from one cell that targets receptors on another cell which responds by dividing or differentiating. |
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Definition
| an electronic insulator that speeds the propagation of action potentials. |
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Definition
| a movement or response to a stimulus that happens automatically, no thought required. |
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Term
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Definition
| input zones of certain sensory neurons. their endings run parallel with the muscle (mainly used in stretching movements). |
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Term
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Definition
| relays information from receptors to the skin, tendons, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| relay information to and from the viscera- soft internal organs. |
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Definition
| most active in times of stress, excitement, and danger. |
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Definition
| most active in times of relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| when signals help put you in a state of intense arousal, primed to fight or make a fast get away. |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the peripheral nervous system with the brain and controls some reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the coverings of the spinal cord and brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most ancient nervous tissue- persists in all 3 regions of the brain and the spinal cord as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| reflex centers for respiration, circulation, and other essential tasks. |
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Definition
| uses inputs from the sensory organs, muscle spindles, and forebrain regions to help control motor skills and posture. |
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Term
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Definition
| controls signal flow between the cerebellum and the forebrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| forebrain center for sorting out sensory input and relaying it to the cerebrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| the main center for homeostatic control of the internal environment. assesses and regulates all behaviors related to internal organ activities and the related emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| protects the spinal cord and the brain from harmful substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gray matter at the surface of each lobe of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| encircles the upper brain stem. governs emotions, memory, and correlates organ activities with self gratifying behavior. |
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Definition
| a low level path to motor centers in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. |
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Definition
| a form of chemical dependence. |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that make you alert then depress you. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| natural pain killers (ex.) endorphins. |
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Definition
| drugs that alter the user's sensory perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of energy that activates receptor endings of a sensory neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| detect forms of mechanical energy (changes in pressure, position, acceleration). |
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Term
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Definition
| detect damage to tissues. |
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Definition
| sensitive to heat or cold. |
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Term
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Definition
| detect chemical energy of substances dissolved in the fluid bathing them. |
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Term
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Definition
| detect changes in the solute levels of some body fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| detect differences in the energy of visible and ultraviolet light. |
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Term
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Definition
| a diminishing response to an ongoing stimulus. |
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Definition
| the unmyelinated or thinly myelinated branched endings of sensory neurons in skin and internal tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| (near the body's surface) detect somatic sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of a tissue injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of visceral sensations as somatic sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| fire off signals when they are exposed to water- soluble or volatile chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecules secreted by one individual that change the social behavior of other individuals of its species. |
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Term
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Definition
| on antennae, legs, or tentacles, or inside the mouth. detects sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami tastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| in each ear. consists of two sacs; the utricle and saccule. in this system many mechanoreceptors are stimulated whenever you move about or rotate your head. |
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Term
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Definition
| corresponds to loudness or intensity. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of wave cycles per second. |
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Definition
| adapted for gathering sounds from the air. |
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Term
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Definition
| amplifies and transmits air waves to the inner ear (eardrum). |
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Term
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Definition
| has a vestibular apparatus (to detect mechanoreceptor stimuli). also has a cochlea- transduction of waves of sound into action potentials. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of acoustical receptor having a tuft of modified cilia at one end. |
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Term
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Definition
| requires eyes and image perception in brain centers that can interpret patterns of visual stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory organs that contain a tissue of many densely packed photoreceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the outside world that the eye sees. |
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Term
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Definition
| helps image formation- bends all light rays from a given point in the visual field so that they converge onto photoreceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| have many closely packed rhabdomeric units. |
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Term
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Definition
| light enters the interior, a dark chamber, through the pupil, then to the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| a tissue with many photoreceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| an opening in a ring of contractile tissue called the iris. the entrance for light. |
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Term
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Definition
| the dense fibrous "white" of an eye- protects most of the eyeball. |
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Term
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Definition
| made of transparent collagen fibers- covers what the sclera does not. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lens position or its shape are adjusted in ways that focus all incoming rays onto the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| detect very dim light and are the basis for coarse perception of movement across a visual field. |
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Definition
| detect bright light and are the basis of sharp vision and color perception. |
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