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| A thing that rouses activity or energy in someone or something; a spur or incentive |
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| A sense organ or cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound |
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| a sensory receptor, or more accurately the receptive portion of a sensory neuron, that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature, primarily within the innocuous range |
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| A physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body |
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| The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses |
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| A nociceptor is a sensory receptor that reacts to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called nociception, usually causes the perception of pain |
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| A sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli |
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| a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure |
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| A structure in a living organism, esp. a sensory cell or sense organ, that responds to light falling on it |
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| The rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample |
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| he change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell |
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| a visual receptor cell that is sensitive to dim light |
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| One of the photoreceptors in the retina of the eye that is responsible for daylight and color vision; they are densely concentrated in |
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| nerves that receive sensory stimuli, such as how something feels and if it is painful |
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| The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible; electromagnetic radiation from about 390 to 740 nm in wavelength |
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| a change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus. It is usually experienced as a change in the stimulus. For example, if one rests one's hand on a table, one immediately feels the table's surface on one's skin |
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| the components of the central and peripheral nervous systems that receive and process information |
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| microscopic sensory nerve endings in the skin that are not connected to any specific sensory receptor |
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| consist of the remaining types of cutaneous receptors |
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| Physical suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury |
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| caused by injury or trauma; pain originating from the periphery, such as skin and muscle |
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| usually caused by pressure resulting from the invasiveness of the tumor, expansion of the hepatic capsule, or injury caused by radiation or chemotherapy |
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| A compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries |
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| Any of a group of cyclic fatty acid compounds with varying hormonelike effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions |
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| A gate that can be opened or closed to admit or exclude water, the lower gate of a lock |
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| A compound released in the blood in some circumstances that causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels. It is a peptide comprising nine amino-acid residues |
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| The thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis that forms the true skin, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures |
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| The outer layer of cells covering an organism, in particular; the skin |
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| Pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source |
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| harsh, often burning pain |
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| Abnormally heightened sensitivity to pain |
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| A sensation of pain coming from a part of the body that has been amputated, or in which the nerves have been destroyed |
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| An encapsulated ending of a sensory nerve that acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration |
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| a class of slowly adapting mechanoreceptor thought to exist only in the glabrous dermis and subcutaneous tissue of humans |
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| A short, modified, underground stem surrounded by usually fleshy modified leaves that contain stored food for the shoot within |
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| A sensory nerve ending that is sensitive to mechanical stimuli, found in the dermis in various parts of the body |
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| are expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of odor molecules |
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| a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors |
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| A chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, esp. a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species |
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| the sense effected by the gustatory receptors in the tongue. Four qualities are distinguished: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter |
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| A category of taste in food (besides sweet, sour, salt, and bitter), corresponding to the flavor of glutamates, esp. monosodium glutamate |
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| Monosodium glutamate (MSG) |
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| A compound that occurs naturally as a breakdown product of proteins and is used as a flavor enhancer in food (although itself tasteless) |
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| A complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring) |
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| a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness |
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| mall pimple-like projections on a surface, such as on a lip or tongue |
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| n auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. It was discovered by Frederik Ruysch and later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813 |
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| organs mediating the labyrinthine sense; concerned with equilibrium |
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| A state in which opposing forces or influences are balance |
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| A state of balance between continuing processes |
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| that state of motion in which the velocity (of the center of mass) of a body is zero |
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| the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in all vertebrates |
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| A sensation of whirling and loss of balance, associated particularly with looking down from a great height, or caused by disease affecting the inner ear or the vestibular nerve; giddiness |
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| Nausea caused by motion like traveling in a vehicle |
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| The larger of the two fluid-filled cavities forming part of the labyrinth of the inner ear (the other being the sacculus). It contains hair cells and otoliths which send signals to the brain concerning the orientation of the head |
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| Three fluid-filled bony channels in the inner ear. They are situated at right angles to each other and provide information about orientation to the brain to help maintain balance |
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| The organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates--the external part of this |
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| one of the three bones in the middle ear |
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| A small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear |
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| the ossicle between the malleus and the stapes located in the ear |
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| A membrane of the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound waves; the tympanic membrane |
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| The spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations |
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| A membrane in the cochlea that bears the organ of Corti |
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| Covering the sulcus spiralis internus and the spiral organ of Corti is the tectorial membrane, which is attached to the limbus laminae spiralis close to the inner edge of the vestibular membrane |
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| The upper bony passage of the cochlea |
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| the lower bony passage of the cochlea |
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| an endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively |
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| The primary organ responsible for hearing in the human ear |
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| the part of the eye that allows light and images to enter, thus forming images on the retina |
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| The transparent layer forming the front of the eye |
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| A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed |
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| The pathway between the optic chiasma and the brain |
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| Clear, gel-like substance that fills the inner cavity of the eye and sustains its shape |
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| Each of a large number of minute projections from the surface of some cells |
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| An animal of a large group distinguished by the possession of a backbone or spinal column, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes |
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| The clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea |
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| the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball |
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| The white outer layer of the eyeball. At the front of the eye it is continuous with the cornea |
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| A muscle controlling the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances |
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| A flat, colored, ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with an adjustable circular opening (pupil) in the center |
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| Each of the second pair of cranial nerves, transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye |
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| The raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot |
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| a process by which the eye adjusts and is able to focus, producing a sharp image at various, changing distances from the object seen |
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| are responsible for helping to see in low-light situations |
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| are sensitive to colour and high light levels. They are found particularly in the macula, and therefore the fovea. They are used for fine detail and for central vision |
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| are cells within the retinal layer that run laterally across the retina. Specifically they span across the receptors and the bipolar junction, and are involved in lateral inhibition |
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| are interneurons in the retina; they are responsible for 70% of input to retinal ganglion cells |
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| The third important layer of the retina, which receives stimulation from the bipolar cells and transmits impulses to the optic nerve |
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| intermediary nerve cells in the retina which transmit visual signals from the photoreceptor cells to the ganglion cells |
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| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
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| the primary processing center for visual information received from the retina of the eye; is found inside the thalamus of the brain, and is thus part of the central nervous system |
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| the inability to perceive differences between some of the colors that others can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or exposure to certain chemicals |
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| Simply defined as farsightedness |
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| Eye surgery to correct vision in which a laser reshapes the inner cornea |
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| A defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature, which results in distorted images, as light rays are prevented from meeting at a common focus |
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| A condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight |
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| nfection by a fungus found in the droppings of birds and bats in humid areas. It is not serious if confined to the lungs but can be fatal if spread throughout the body |
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| A contagious bacterial infection of the eye in which there is inflamed granulation on the inner surface of the lids |
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