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| Coelomate, bilateral animals that are characterized by a rod of stiffened tissue that helps support the body(notochord), a nerve chord that runs parallel with the notochord and gut, gill slits on the wall of the pharynx (muscular tube), and a tail that extends past the anus. |
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| Openings that function in feeding and/or respiration. |
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| Animals that contain a backbone of cartilage or bone. They also have a cranium (a chamber that encloses the brain) |
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| Animals that are characterized in part by larvae that have a firm, flexible notochord extending through a tail. |
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| Adult urochordates that filter food from seawater flowing through a siphon, past gill slits in a pharynx, then out through another siphon. |
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| Fish-shaped lancelets that have a simple brain in a head that develops as it does in vertebrates. |
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| All animals with a carttilaginous or bony chamber enclosing the brain (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) |
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| Jawless fishes originating from craniate ancestors which had armorlike plates of bony tissue and dentin. |
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| Hinged, bony feeding structures. |
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| Among the earliest fishes, having a mineral-hardened backbone and jaws. |
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| Cells of mineral-hardened secretions. |
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| A linear series of cartilaginous or bony segments formed by bone tissue which replaced the notochord. |
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| Appendages that help propel, stabilize, and guide a body through water. |
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| Respiratory organs having moist, thin fold serviced by blood vessels. They have large surface area that exchanges gases between he environment and the body. |
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| Internally moistened sacs for gas exchange. |
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| A flotation device that exchanges gases with blood. |
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| Marine predators that have prominent fins, a skeleton of cartilage, and five to seven gill slits on both sides (skates, sharks, and chimaeras) |
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| Have flexible fin supports derived from skin and thin scales. |
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| Have ventral fins of ventral extensions of the body, with skeletal support elements inside. |
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| Have gills and one or two small, modified outpouchings of the gut wall which help take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. |
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| The first tetrapods on land. They have four legs and their body plans and reproductive modes are somewhere between fishes and reptiles. |
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| Vertebrates that make eggs with four membranes that are vital for the structural and functional development of the embryos. They all have dry, tough, or scaly skin that helps restrict water loss and two kidneys that efficiently conserve water. |
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| A major group of amniotes that includes all mammals and extinct mammal-like species. |
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| Another major group of amniotes that includes all reptiles and birds. |
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| No longer a formal taxon, but they are organisms that show amniote features but not derived traits that define birds or mammals. |
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| Had high metabolic rates and were possibly warmblooded. Many moved on two legs but nearly all animals that survived the impacts of asteroids were small, had high rates of metabolism, and tolerated big temperature changes. |
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| K-T Asteroid Impact Theory |
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| The theory that a massive asteroid struck the Earth 65 million years ago and caused a mass extinction; casualties included the last of the dinosaurs. |
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| Global Broiling Hypothesis |
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| The idea that an asteroid impact caused the K-T mass extinction, the debris from which raised the global air temperature by thousands of degrees. |
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| Live in a shell attached to their skeleton what they can pull their head and limbs inside if threatened. they have horny plates used to grip and chew food, instead of teeth. They lay eggs, which are vulnerable to many land predators. |
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| The most diverse species of reptiles. Most prey for other animals and many will give up their tail when a predator grabs it. |
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| Reptiles that resemble modern amphibians in their brain and locomotion. They have a third, middle "eye" under the skin, with retina, a rudimentary lens, and links to the brain. |
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| They retain bony remnants of ancestral hindlimbs. Most move their body in S-shaped waves. They have flexible skull bones and jaws and many swallow prey that's wider than they are. They're all vulnerable during their life cycle. |
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| Predators living near water with powerful jaws, a long snout, and sharp teeth. They can adjust their body temperature by altering certain behaviors and adjusting metabloic rates. They are the only reptiles that have a four-chambered heart. |
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| Warm-blooded, feathered vertebrates. |
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| A recurring pattern of movement from one region to another in response to environmental rhythms. |
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| The only amniote that makes hair and nourishes offspring with milk from the female's mammary glands. |
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| A type of mammal; a prosimian, tarisoid, or an anthropoid. |
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| All monkeys, apes, and humans. |
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| Apes, humans, and their most recent ancestors. |
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| All humanlike and human species. |
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| The sum of a human group's patterns of social behavior. |
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| Where the spinal cord can connect with the brain at the base of the skulls' bones. |
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| "Southern apes" Early hominids of Africa. |
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| Says that groups of homo erectus in different regions faced different selection pressures, and they gave rise to subpopulations (races) of homo sapiens. |
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| Doesn't contradict the fossil evidence that homo erectus migrated out of Africa and evolved further in different regions, but it has homo sapiens arising in sub-Saharan Africa, then dispersing into other regions. |
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| A spongy organ made of maternal and fetal membranes. |
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| Characteristics of Chordates |
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Definition
| A supporting rod (notochord), a dorsal nerve chord, a pharynx with gill slits in the wall, and a tail extending past the anus. |
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| Backbone replaced the notochord as a partner of muscles used in locomotion. Jaws, novel sensory organs, and brain expansions evolved. Lungs replaced gills on land for more efficient blood circulation enhanced gas exchange. Fleshy fins with skeletal supports evolved into limbs. |
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| Transition from Water to Land |
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| Vertebrates evolved in the seas. Mutation in master genes that control body plans were pivotal in the rise of aquatic tetrapods and their move onto dry land. |
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| Early Humans and Their Ancestors |
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| Humans have dispersed throughout the world through behavioral flexibility and the force of culture. |
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| At the next level in chordate complexity (after filter feeders). Some cartilage protects a large portion of their brain. |
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| Although amphibians have survived since before the dinosaur days, human activities all around the world are putting many species at risk. |
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| Unique Characteristics of Mammals |
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| They are the only animals with hair, and only female mammals produce milk from mammary glands. |
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| Three Major Groups of Mammals |
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| Egg-laying monotremes, pouched marsupials, and the placental mammals. |
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| Key Adaptations from Aboreal Primates to Modern Humans |
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| Complex, forward-directed vision; bipedalism, refined hand movements, generalized teeth, and interlocked elaboration of brain regions, behavior, and culture. |
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