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Definition
| organs that have a thin, moist, vascularized respiratory surface, and they vary among vertebrates |
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| a saclike respiratory organ located in a body cavity, but airways connect it to the surface |
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| the sum of physiological processes that move O2 from the surroundings to all metabolically active tissues in the animal body and carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues to the outside |
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| an epithelium or another layer thin enough for gases to cross easily on their way to and from the internal environment |
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| the larger the surface area and the steeper the partial pressure gradient, the faster diffusion |
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| What is surface to volume ratio |
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it puts constriants on gas exchange
ex:flatworms...worm would have died |
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| maintaining steep pressure gradients across the respiratory surface becomes easier |
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| it pushes stale air (with a lot of exhaled CO2) away from the body and draws in freshen air (with more O2) closer to it |
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| Gases just diffuse across the body surface covering-the integument |
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| branchial tubes inside the body (each tube branches and branches again) |
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| follows its partial pressure gradient from the atmosphere to a respiratory surface (thin) moist boundary to the internal environment |
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A) Flatworms
B) Gastropods |
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a flow of two fluids in oppposing directions
ex: it lets a fish extract about 80-90 % of the O2 dissolved in water flowing past-more than it would get from a one-way flow, at less energy cost |
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| two paired lungs have about 600 million alveoli (singular, alveolus) or air sacs; adjusted by metabolic demands for gas exchange |
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| a large airway with two paired folds of mucus-covered membrane projecting into it |
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| a gap between the vocal cords (air flows and makes cords vibrate) |
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| the entrance to the larynx |
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| each airway is a bronchus (plural, bronchi); its epithelial lining has many ciliated and mucus-secreting cells that work against infection |
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| partitions the coelom into a thoratic and an abdominal cavity |
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| "bronchial tree" respiratory bronchioles, end in cupshaped alveoli (sacs) |
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| From Airways into the Lungs |
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Definition
| Oxygen goes to the atmosphere into a pair of lungs, and carbon dioxide from the lungs to the atmosphere then the circulatory system takes over gas exchange then the blood moves to the heart, vocalizing, adjusting the acid-base balance |
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Definition
| O2 and CO2 passively diffuse across it (cellular uptake) |
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| Gas Exchange and Transport |
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Definition
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| functional group that has an iron atom that reversibly binds O2. (of all the oxygen inhaled into the human body, 98.5% of it gets bound to heme groups of hemoglobin) |
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| HbO2; a nonbubbly form of oxygen transport through the body |
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| iron-containing respiratory pigment that stores oxygen and is abundant in cardiac muscle and some skeletal muscles |
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| Another 30% CO2 reversibly binds with certain amino acids in hemoglobin forming this (HbCO2) |
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| the CO first combines with water to form carbonic acid (HCO3) |
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| an enzyme in red blood cells; very few form spontaneously |
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one breath in (inhalation) and one breath out (exhalation)
inhalation is always active; muscle contractions drive it |
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| When is exhalation passive |
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Definition
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| the maximum volume of air that lungs can hold, the vital capacity, averages 5.7 liters in young, healthy adult males and 4.2 in females |
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Definition
| the volume of air flowing in and out of the lungs during one respiratory cycle is only 0.5 liter; therefore when you breathe quietly the lungs still hold plenty of air for gas exchange |
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Definition
| cellular oxygen dificiency |
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Term
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Definition
| the acute compensatory response that the body made to a markedly different environment slowly gives way to adjustments in cardiac output, the rhythmic pattern of breathing, and the magnitude of breathing |
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| this hormone induces stem cells in bone marrow to divide repeatedly and descendants differentiate into red blood cells |
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| the systematic study of how organisms interact with one another and with the physical and chemical environment |
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| the number of individuals that actually or potentially contribute to the gene pool |
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the number of individuals in each of several age categories
ex: pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive ages |
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| together with individuals in the 2nd category they make up the population's reproduction base |
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| the number of individuals in some specified area or volume of a habitat |
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| the type of place where a species lives |
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the pattern in which the individuals are dispersed in a specified area
ex: clumped, nearly uniformed, random |
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| a measured number of individuals in a specified area |
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| Interspecific Interactions |
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Definition
| influence each population's density and dispersion through a habitat |
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Definition
sampling areas of the same size and shape
ex: rectangles, squares, hexagons |
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| Capture-recapture Methods |
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Definition
one way to sample a population of mobile animals
ex: deer get collars; squirrels get tattoos; salmon get tags |
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| Capture-recapture Methods |
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Definition
one way to sample a population of mobile animals
ex: deer get collars; squirrels get tattoos; salmon get tags |
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Definition
| the arrival of new residents from other populations of the same species |
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| Population Size and Exponential Growth |
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Definition
| populations are dynamic units of nature...depending on the species, they may add or lose individuals every minute of every day, season, or year |
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| the departure of individuals that take up permanent residence in some other place |
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| a recurring round trip between two distinct regions |
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| From zero to exponential growth |
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Definition
| to keep things simple, assume that immigration and emigration balance each other over time so that you can ignore the effects of both on population size |
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| an interval in which the number of births is balanced by the number of deaths |
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| per capita= head (head counts) |
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| Net Reproduction per Individual per Unit Time |
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combining both variables into a single variable
ex:r |
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Definition
| any quantity that is growing at a rate proportional to its size |
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| What happens with a larger reproductive base |
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Definition
| The larger a population's reproductive base, the greater will be the rate of growth in a specified interval |
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Definition
| the time it takes for a population to double in size is its doubling time |
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| maximum rate of increase per individual for any population that is growing under ideal conditions |
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| any essential resource that is in short supply |
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| maximum number of individuals of a population that a given environment can sustain indefinitely |
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Definition
| shows how carrying capacity may affect population size |
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| Density Dependent Controls |
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Definition
| reduce the odds for individual survival |
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| Density Independent Factors |
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Definition
| can cause more deaths or fewer births regardless of population density |
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| Researchers have identified age-specific adaptations that affect the survival, fertility, and reproduction of individuals for many kinds of species |
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| Three generalized survivorship curves |
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| Type I, Type II, Type III |
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| graph line that emerges when ecologists plot a cohort's age-specific survival in the habitat |
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| size surpasses 6.4 billion |
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| Effects on Rising Populations |
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| increasing family planning in almost every region |
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| (TRF) the average number of children born to the women of a population during their reproductive years |
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| Democratic Translation Model |
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Definition
| living conditions are the harshest in the preindustrial stage, before technology and medical advances spread |
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