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| Deoxyribonucleic acid that is double stranded twisted into a helix shape, and it encodes the hereditary info for all living organisms. |
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| Infect certain bacteria; viruses. |
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| Organic compound with a 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. T and C are pyrimidines and A and G are purines. |
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| Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA molecules before division. It is semiconservative, which means that half of the nucleotides are new and half are old. |
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| Type of enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of hydrogen bonds during DNA replication so the two strands of double helix can unwind. |
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| Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of free nucleotides to new DNA strands during replication; it also corrects mistakes in the genetic code. |
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| Type of enzyme that catalyzes the sealing of short stretches of DNA into a continuous strand during replication and seals breaks |
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| DNA proofreading mechanisms |
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| Any enzyme mediated process that fixes DNA replication errors or strand breaks |
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| Repairs nucleotide mismatches in DNA |
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| Earliest theories of genetics |
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| Most researchers thought that proteins were the source of genetic variation because of the multitudes of ways amino acids can arrange themselves. |
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| Watson and Crick built a model that fit all of the luces that they had learned so far. Rosalind Franklin was the first researcher to see the patterns of DNA, but her significance was overshadowed by Watson and Crick's discovery of the DNA structure. |
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| The parent strands are unwound, proteins bind to them to keep from going back together, and polymerases build in the 5' to 3' direction. |
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| Artificial twinning occurs in a lab; encourages the formation of twins, and the DNA is from 2 parents |
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| Nuclear transfer can replace the nucleus if an unfertilzed egg with a differentiated cell of an adult, and small electric shocks stimulate division. |
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| Also uses nuclear transfers. DNA from a somatic cell is placed in a stem cell so that it becomes the cell that the DNA was taken from. It can help tissues regenerate. |
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