When was first evidence of prokaryotic cells thought to be from (years)? 

1. Internal membranes

2. Compartmentalized

These cells led to evolution of multicellular organisms

(1838)

i. All organisms composed of cells

ii. Cells come from pre-existing cells 

Microscopes

i. First created by

ii. Light microscope 

iii. Electron microscope

i. Antoine van Leewenhoek

ii. Works in both living and dead specimens

iii. Cannot use live specimens

T.E.M. 

(transmission electron microscope)

1. Ultracentrifuge - spins samples @ high speed

- separates into layers based on density

- supernatant - liquid above pellet (extracted)

Tissue Culture

1. What does it do?

2. How does it Work?

1. Studies properties of cells in vitro

2. Cells grown in sterile culture media in petri dishes

The Nucleus

Contains chromosomes.

Surrounded by nuclear membrane.

Copmplex of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes. 

Exists as long, thin strands in non-dividing cell. Non visible w/ light microscope. 

Contains pores.

Allows large molecules thru (mRNA is an example)

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis.

They are free floating in cytoplasm, but attached to ER. 

Membranous system of channels throughout the cytoplams

Rough ER - site of protein synthesis 

Smooth ER - site of steroid hormone synthesis

site of steroid hormone synthesis

connects Rough ER to Golgi Apparatus

carries out detoxyfication (find lots in liver)

Located near nucleus

Is a stack of flattened membranes surrounded by vesicles

Packages and modifies proteins produced by rough ER

Secretes packages to other parts of cell or to cell membrane (for export)

part of GA

flattened membrane sacs

transface - used for shipping

cisface - used for receiving

Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes

Breaks down and recycles cell parts

Apoptosis

Pre-programmed cell destruction/ cell suicide

*like in fetus webbed hands

Lysosomal storage diseases

Tay-Sach's - inactive/lack of lipid digestive enzmye, impairs brain

Pompe's disease - glycogen accumulates in liver due to lack of polysaccharide digestion enzyme

Peroxisomes

Contain catalase

- Converts H2O2 into water and O atoms

- detoxify alcohol in liver

site of cellular respiration

found in all cells

more active the cell, more active the mitochondria - ie cardiac muscle

two membranes, outer and cristae (inner)

-cristae is folded, increases surface area for respiration

Contain own DNA, can self replicate

Vacuoles

Used for storage

Vesicles are tiny vacuoles

Freshwater protists are contractile vacuoles, pump water out

Have a double membrane

found only in plants/algae

1. Chloroplasts

- have own DNA, can self replicate

2. Leukoplasts

-store starch, found in roots or tubers 

3. Chromoplasts

- store carotenoid pigments

i. network of protein filaments

ii. Gives shape, moves cell, anchors organelles to membrane

Microtubules

- hollow; make up cilia/flagella

-C+F "9 around 2" arrangement

-9 microtubules around 2 single microtubules

Spindle fibers

-seperate chromosomes during mitosis/meiosis

help support cells

aka actin filaments

enable animal cells to form cleavage furrow

ameboid movement - psuedopod formation

muscle contraction = actin-myosin sliding filaments

Centrosomes/Centrioles

Centrosome: region near nucleus; each made of 2 centrioles

Centrioles: 9 sets of triplet microtubules in a ring (like spindle fibers)

Used in cell replication in only animal cells

Locomotive appendages

"9 around 2"

Connected by radial spokes

Anchored by basal body, which is structurally identical to a centriole

9 doublets cross-linked by dynein arms (protein)

not in animal cells

plant/algae cell wall = cellulose

fungal c.w. = chitin

prokaryote c.w. = polysaccharides

used for protection, shape, regulation

Primary c.w.

- immediately outside c.w., produced 1st

Middle lamella

-pectin (polysacc)

-holds together

Secondary c.w.

-outside primary

-strong durable matrix

-wood (btwn plasma membrane and primary)

Extracellular Matrix

(ECM)

Glycoproteins - proteins covalently bonded to carb

Collagen - 50% of protein in human body, only made in animals

Fibronectin - binds to receptor proteins in plasma membrane called integrins (cell commun.?)