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AP Biology Notecards: Chapters 7-8
Taken from the Campbell/Reece Biology textbook (6th edition, although it doesn't matter)
29
Biology
12th Grade
10/20/2011

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Term
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Definition
A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
Term
Plasmodesmata
Definition
Open channels in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells.
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
Types of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevent the leakage of material between cells.
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
Types of intercellular junction in animal cells that allow the passage of material or current between cells.
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Types of intercellular junction in animal cells that function as an anchor.
Term
Selectively Permeable
Definition
A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
Term
Integral Proteins
Definition
Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
Term
Peripheral Proteins
Definition
Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain this across their membranes.
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a smaller solute concentration.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Having the same solute concentration as another solution.
Term
Osmoregulation
Definition
The control of water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments.
Term
Turgid
Definition
Firm. Walle cells become this as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.
Term
Flaccid
Definition
Limp. Walle cells become this in isotonic surroundings, where there is no tendency for water to enter.
Term
Plasmolysis
Definition
A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.
Term
Gated Channel
Definition
A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.
Term
Active Transport
Definition
The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.
Term
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Definition
A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
The cellular uptake of macromelecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
Term
Endosymbiosis
Definition
A hypothesis about the origin of the eukaryotic cell, maintaining that the forerunners of eukaryotic cells were symbiotic associations of prokaryotic cells living inside larger prokaryotes.
Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
A type of cell with a membrane-enclose nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Term
Prokaryotic
Definition
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Term
Crenation
Definition
The contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution, due to the loss of water through osmosis.
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