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AP Biology Notecards: Chapters 2-6 (The Chemistry of Life) 2
Vocab words for the beginning course of AP Biology. Taken in high school for college credit.
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Biology
12th Grade
10/03/2011

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Term
Catabolic Pathways
Definition
Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.
Term
Anabolic Pathways
Definition
Metabolic pathways that synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.
Term
Bioenergetics
Definition
The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.
Term
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Term
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases.
Term
Free Energy
Definition
The quantity of energy that interrelates entropy and the system's total energy.
Term
Exergonic Reaction
Definition
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
Term
Endergonic Reaction
Definition
A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
Term
ATP
Definition
An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
Term
Phosphorylation
Definition
The process of transferring a phosphate group from ATP to some other molecule.
Term
Energy of Activation
Definition
The initial investment of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Term
Active Site
Definition
The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.
Term
Substrate
Definition
The reactant on which an enzyme works.
Term
Induced Fit
Definition
The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.
Term
Cofactors
Definition
Any nonprotein molecules or ions that are required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.
Term
Coenzymes
Definition
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as these in important metabolic reactions.
Term
Competitive Inhibition (Inhibitor)
Definition
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
Term
Noncompetitive Inhibition (Inhibitor)
Definition
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
Term
Allosteric Site
Definition
A specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site.
Term
Feedback Inhibition
Definition
A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
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