Term
| Contrast the Central Nervous System(CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) |
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Definition
The Central Nervous System is just the Brain and the Spinal Cord; The Peripheral Nervous System are all the other nerves, not in the brain or spinal cord.
The sensory PNS receives the stimuli, then the CNS interprets the stimuli, and the motor PNS initiates responses |
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Term
| Contrast the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems |
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Definition
The Somatic N.S controls functions that are under voluntary control i.e skeletal muscles or sensory neurons of skin.
The Autonomic N.S controls functions of involuntary smoothe muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
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Term
| * Contrast the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems |
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Definition
The Sympathetic N.S activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress and emergencies.
The Parasy,pathetic N.S lowers activity, operates during normal situations, permits idgestion, and conservation of energy. |
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Term
| Describe the Sensory nueron and where it is found |
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Definition
| The Sensory nuerons carry info to spinal cord and brain |
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Term
| Describe the Motor neuron and where it is found |
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Definition
| The Motor neurons carry directives from braina dn spinal cord to stimulate contraction/relaxation of muscles and spur the activity of glands |
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Term
| Describe the Interneuron/Association neuron |
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Definition
| Internuerons shuttle signals back and forth between the Central Nervous System(brain and spinal cord) and other parts of the body |
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Term
| The Simplest nerve response that is inborn, automatic and protective is the : |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Knee Jerk Reflex |
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Definition
It is the simplest relfex arc.
Nothing has to go to the brain, it is an automatic response, theres is no control over it |
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Term
| Describe the job of Glial Cells |
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Definition
Glial Cells provide support and protectionf for neurons.
They surround neurons and hold them in place, supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy/remove carcasses of dead neurons.
They are also called the supporting cells. |
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Term
| Name the types of Glial Cells |
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Definition
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes and Microlgia suport the CNS
Schwann Cells support the PNS |
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Term
| What is the resting potential of a nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What maintains the nerves' state of polarization? ( a kind of active transport pump) |
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Definition
| Active transport of Na+ and K+ action potential |
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Term
| Where is Action Potential generated in the neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Action Potential? |
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Definition
| Local voltage change across cell wall as nerve impulse is transmitted |
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Term
| What is a Refractory Period? |
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Definition
| The amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state |
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Term
| Why are nerve events considered all or non repsonses? |
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Definition
Each neuron either fires or it doesnt, theres is no in between.
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Term
| What is a Synapse? And how does it work? |
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Definition
| A synapse is a connection that allows the transmission of nerve impulses to join neurons and allow them to communicate. Synaptic transmission allow the neurons of the central nervous system to form interconnected neural circuits. |
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Term
| How are vesicles transported to the synapse to release their neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name common Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
Acetylcholine:
Nitric Oxide:
Epinephrine:
Norepinephrine:
Dopamine:
Serotonin: |
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Term
What is the function of Acetylcholine(CNs, PNS; vertebrate neuromuscular junction)?
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Definition
In the PNS, it activates muscles
It is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic N.S
In the CNS it and the associated neurons form a neurotransmitted system, the cholinergic system, which inhibits actions. |
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Term
| What is the function of Nitric Oxide(PNS)? |
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Definition
| NO acts as a local regulator. a inhibitory neurotransmitter that hyperpolarizes intestinal smooth muscles. |
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Term
| What is the function of Epinephrine(PNS and CNS)? |
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Definition
Hormone released by the adrenal glands during “fight and flight”; a.k.a adrenalineart of the Sympathetic N.S
Its p
It quickens the heartbeat
(strengthens the force of the heart’s contraction)
It raises blood pressure and redistributes blood flow to essential organs
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Term
| What is the function of norepinephrine(CNS and PNS)? |
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Definition
It underlies fight or flight response
Supresses neuroinflammation
Causes blood vessels to contract and heart rate increase
Plays a role in manic depression
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Term
| What is the function of dopamine(CNS and PNS)? |
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Definition
It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that controls movement and posture
It modulates mood and plays a central role in positive reinforcement and dependency
Can also be excitatory |
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Term
What is the function of Seratonin(CNS)? |
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Definition
It is inhibitory
It regulates body temperature, sleep, mood appetite and pain
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Term
How does positive feedback work? |
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Definition
When the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that accelerate or increase that change
Examples are blood clotting, or the stimulation of contactions during labor |
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Term
| How does negative feedback work? |
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Definition
The body senses an internal change and activates mechanisms that reverse/negate that change
An example is body tempereature regulation
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Term
| What is the difference between positive and negative feedback? |
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Definition
| Negative feedback inhibits/stops a reaction after too much product is produced while positive feedback accelerates the production of the product. |
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Term
| Name the three types of muscles |
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Definition
| Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal |
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Term
| What are the differences between the three types of muscles? |
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Definition
The smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic N.S and may either be generally inactive and then respond to neural stimulation or hormones or may be rhythmic
The cardiac muscle is found in the heart and acts like rhythmic smooth muscle. It is modulated by neural activity and hormones
The skeletal muscles move us around and are responsible for most of our behavior. they are most attached to bones at each end via tendons |
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Term
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Definition
yes, using mitosis
like sex cells they use meiosis |
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Term
| What is the job of the sarcolema? |
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Definition
It is the cell mebrane of the muscle
Contain tubules that go into the muscle cell and around the microfibules
It encloses the substance ofthe muscle fiber
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Term
What is a sarcomere? And what are its boundaries?
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Definition
It is the basic contractile unit of a muscle.
The z lines make the border of the sarcomeres It is from one z line to another |
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Term
| What hormone crosses the neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the difference between a twitch, tetanus and fatigue |
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Definition
A twitch is muscle contracting and relaxing.
Tetanus(lockjaw) is prolonged contraction of the skeletal muscle fibers.
Fatigue is when the force needed to do something is more than expected |
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