Term
| HONC percentages in human body (96 total) |
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Definition
| oxygen =65, carbon=18.5, hydrogen=9.5, nitrogen=3.3 |
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Term
| atomic number vs. mass number |
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Definition
| atomic number = protons, mass number = neucleons |
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Term
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Definition
| dalton (billiard ball) then thompson (pluim pudding) then rutherford (planetary) then bohr (bohr shell) then electron could model |
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Term
| isotope (definition and importance) |
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Definition
| different number of neutrons, used for studying cell chemistry (PET scan or positron emission tomography used for radioactive isotopes) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| type of bond in water molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| dehydration synthesis vs. dissociation(hydrolysis) |
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Definition
| taking a water molecule out to create polymer(condensation reaction) vs. putting one in to create monomer (taking in and breaking down food) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells 70-95% water (medium of life), dominates climate, covers 75% of earths climate, common in all three phases, and life began in water |
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Term
| cohesion(definition, importance) |
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Definition
| water sticks together due to h bonds, creates high surface tension in water that bugs can walk on, and is important in capilary action |
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Term
| adhesion (definition, importance) |
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Definition
| attraction to other polar molecules (ability to "wet"), helps counter downward gravity pull in capilary action |
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Term
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Definition
| water cannot wet something |
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Term
| specific heat of water (definition, importance) |
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Definition
| amount of heat needed to raise temp of 1g of water 1ºC, water has high SH due to h-bonds so it takes more energy to raise water temp. importance = milder climate near ocean than inland, ocean temps don't fluctuate too much to effect marine life, cells with water resist temp changes |
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Term
| water heat of vaporization (definition, importance) |
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Definition
| amount of heat needed to change 1g of substance from liquid to gas. water has high hvap because of h-bonds, therefor water must absorb high amounts of heat to evaporate |
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Term
| evaporative cooling (definition, 3 importances) |
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Definition
| molecules evaporate=temp drops since average kinetic energy decreases, it helps moderate climate (water evaporating absorbs heat, water condensing releases heat), helps warm-blodded animals prevent overheating (sweating) and cools plant leaves when water evaporates |
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Term
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Definition
| water most dense at 4ºC, at 0 the molecules move apart as ice crystals form, and surface ice insulates liquir water below so organisms can survive during winter unde ice |
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Term
| structure of ice vs. liquid water |
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Definition
| h bonds stable vs. h bonds constantly brekaing and reforming |
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Term
| solution vs. solvent vs. solute vs. aq solution |
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Definition
| homogeneou mixture of 2 or more substances vs. dissolving agent vs. substance dissolved vs. solution where water is the solvent |
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Term
| hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic |
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Definition
| ionic and polar substances that have an affinity for water due to electric attractions and hydrogen bonding vs. nonpolar and non-ionic compounds that will not mix with or dissolve in water |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen bonds shift from one molecule to another forming OH and H30, sometimes it goes the other way but its rare (both concentration 1E-7M at equilibrium) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases [H+] vs. reduces [H+] (or adds OH-) |
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Term
| pH (most biological fluids?) |
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Definition
| most biological fluids pH6-8. 0 acidic 14 basic |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that minimizes changes in H and OH by reacting with them (an acid and a base in equilibrium (H2CO3 --> HCO3- + H+ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| acid rain definition + cause |
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Definition
| usually 5.6 due to carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O in air, but acid rain is pH less than 5.6. its caused by sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides released into the air by combustion of fossil fuels and car exhaust |
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Term
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Definition
| solubility of minerals in soil change = essential minerals leached out, harmful minerals dissolved and absorbed by plant, and in acid lakes/ponds harmful metals in sludge redissolve and fish and amphibians are harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| -OH / alcohol vs. -COOH / carbozylic acid (O=C-OH that easily gives up extra H making it an acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| either -COH (O=C-H) called aldehyde or -CO called keytone |
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Term
| amino vs. sulfhydryl vs. phosphates |
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Definition
| -NH2 (amine) that easily accepts H making it a base vs. -SH (thiols) that stabalizes structure vs. -PO4 thats called organic phosphate thats used especially in ATP and other energy molecules |
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Term
| functional groups (4 facts) |
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Definition
| groups of atoms that replace H in C chain, give molecule unique properties (taste, structure, odor, solubility, etc), that are usually involved in chemical reactions and all are hydrophilic so they increase solubility |
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Term
| 3 facts on organic compounds: molecules of life |
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Definition
| carbon chains attached to HONSP, wide variety (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleotides), arrangement of carbon atoms in backbone determine shape and function (straight, branched, ring) |
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Term
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Definition
| versatility makes large, complex molecules possible (why it is so important - 4 valence electrons oin outer shell) |
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Term
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Definition
| simulated early Earth's atmosphere and synthesized organic comounds (inorganic precursors create organic mlecules- origin of life) |
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Term
| butane vs. isobutane, etc. |
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Definition
| iso = branchy, normally a long straight line of carbon in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| microfibrils in plant cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| structural polysaccharide in arthropod's exoskeeton and fungi cell walls used for surgical thread |
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Term
| hydrolysis of carbohydrates vs. reverse reaction |
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Definition
| polysachharides --> disachharides ---> simple sugars by adding H2O to produce OH bonds (enzymes necessary) vs. dehydration synthesis to create longer forms |
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Term
| isomers (definition, structural vs. geometric vs. enantiomers) |
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Definition
| same molecular formula with different arangement/properties (different arrangement of carbons (T vs -) vs. different arangement around a double bond vs. mirror images) |
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Term
| pharmacolofical importance of enantiomers or optical isomers (Ldopa and thalidomide) |
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Definition
| L-dopa effective against Parkinsons where D-dopa is inactive, and thalidomide where one prevents morning sickness where the other causes major birth defects |
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Term
| carbohydrates (sacharides) |
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Definition
| moosaccharides (simple sugar like trioses pentoses and hexoses)) vs. disaccharides(glycosidic linkage where new bonds are formed, sucorse maltose and lactose) vs. polysaccharides (energy storage and structural support) |
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Term
| hexoses structural isomers |
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Definition
| glucose (sugar in green plants) vs. galactose (milk sugar) vs. fructose (fruit sugar)- all same formula but different covelant bonds |
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Term
| sucrose vs maltose vs lactose |
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Definition
| table sugar (glucose + fructose) vs malt sugar (2glucose) vs milk sugar that lactards can't digest (glucose and galactose) |
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Term
| polysachharides (4 types) |
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Definition
| structure and function determined by monomers and glycosidic linkages, stabilized by hydrogen bonds so shape maximises hydrogen bonds (ENERGY = starch in plants, glycogen in animals)(STRUCTURE = cellulose in plants, chitin in arthropods and fungi) |
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Term
| polysachharide: STARCH (3 facts including as) |
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Definition
| storage in plants' plastids, chloroplasts, and leucoplasts. Long chain of A helical glucose (type of glycosidic linkage). 2 kinds: amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched) |
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Term
| polysaccharides: GLYCOGEN (2 facts) |
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Definition
| storage polysachharide in animal muscle and liver cells, made of highly branched A glucoses (helical i think) |
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Term
| polysachharides: CELLULOSE (4 facts) |
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Definition
| structural support in plant cell wals (rigidity), major component of wood, most abundant organic compound on earth, made of long microfibrils of B glucoses (type of linkages) |
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Term
| LIPIDS (definition, 3 types) |
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Definition
| hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules (FATS=oils and waxes either saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated, PHOSPHOLIPIDS and STEROIDS) |
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Term
| FATS (trygliceride and wax vs oil) |
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Definition
| glycerol + 3 fatty acids, ester linkage bonds glycerol to FAs, waxes solid at rm temp and oils liquid |
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Term
| fatty acid (bonded by dehydration synthesis) |
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Definition
| hydrocarbon chain 14-22 carbons long (70 kinds!) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| saturated vs. unsaturated fat vs. polyunsaturated |
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Definition
saturated: FAs all single bonds (straight), molecules tightly packed so soild at rm temp, mostly animal fats, associated with unhealthy diet and risk of artheroscierosis, and plaques that reduce blood flow
Unsaturated: double bonds(bent) with causes links, oils at room temp like fish or plant oil
polyunsaturated: many double bonds (cooking oils) |
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Term
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Definition
| energy storage, cushioning (protecting internal organs) insulating (blubber under skin), waterproofing (coating on skin, fur, feathers, leaves, fruits, exoskeletons) |
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Term
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Definition
| glycerol + 2FA + phosphate group thats hydrophilic (small molecule may bond to phosphate group) |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up cell membrane bilayer (two layers both tails facing inward to create semipermiable and flexible membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids with carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings and attached function groups (cholesterol to keep cell membrane flexible and a raw material for producing steroid sex hormones) |
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Term
| protiens (4 groups of amino acid) |
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Definition
| made up of polymers of amino acids produced at ribosomes (amino (H3N+), carboxyl, H, R / 20 kinds distinguished by R group) |
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Term
| differences in amino acids R |
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Definition
| nonpolar vs. polar (neutral, positive, negative) / acidic (carboxyn group) vs. basic(amino group) |
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Term
| peptide bond / polypeptide chain |
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Definition
| dehydration synthesis between carboxyl group of one aa and amino group from another causes C-N BOND/ chain of amino acids |
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Term
| structure protien functoin / example |
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Definition
| support / insecids and spiders make silk fibers to make cucoons and webs |
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Term
| storage protien function / example |
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Definition
| storage of amino acids / plants have these in their seeds |
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Term
| transport protien function / example |
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Definition
| transport of other substances / hemoglobin transports oxygen in blood |
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Term
| hormonal protien function / example |
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Definition
| coordination of organisms activities / insulin secreted by pancreas to help regulate blood sugar |
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Term
| receptor protien function / example |
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Definition
| response of cell to chemical simuli / receptors in membrane of ner cell detect signals from other nerve cells |
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Term
| contracile protien function / example |
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Definition
| movement / myosin responsible for movement of muscles |
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Term
| defensive protien function / example |
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Definition
| protection against disease / antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses |
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Term
| enzymatic protien function / example |
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Definition
| selective accellerator of chemical rxn / digestive enzymes for hydrolysis of polymers in food |
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Term
| 4 levels of protien structure |
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Definition
| primary (linear sequence of aa determined by genetics where one slip can cause disorder in protien like sickle cell) secondary (coils and folds due to H bonds between C=O and N-H) tertiary (irregular contortions from R group interactions) quaternary (overal structure from orientatino of polypepties) |
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Term
| 4 interactions contributing to 3º structure |
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Definition
| h/ionic bonds between side chains, van der waals interactions, attraction/repulsion of R groups,orientation of hydrophobic groups inward and vise versa |
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Term
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Definition
| protein unravels, loses conformation due to unfavorable conditions (PH, salt, temp, heat, etc) but may be reversable (renaturation) |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that help other proteins conform to proper shape |
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Term
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Definition
| method of determining graphic model of atom positions in a protein by deflecting x ray beams in a protein crystal |
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Term
| nucleotides / nucleic acids / phosphodiester bond |
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Definition
| monomer made of three parts (pentose sugar aka deoxyribose and ribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous group) / polymer of nucleotides forming DNA and RnA (DNA determins aa sequence because it contains directions for building protiens ) contains COHNP / covalent bond linking nucleotides between phosphate group and sugar |
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Term
| nitrogenous bases (pyrimidines vs. purines) |
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Definition
pyrimidine = single rings like C T and U
purine = double rings like A and G |
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Term
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Definition
| double helix = sugar phosphate backbone w/ base pairs like a twisted ladder, AT and CG bond complimentary with H bonds, sequence of bases determines aa sequence determines protien |
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Term
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Definition
| strands separate, each strands acts as a template for compliemtary strands, and so two new strands are identical |
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Term
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Definition
| heat is total kinetic energy, temperature is average kinetic energy |
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Term
| van der waals interactions |
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Definition
| momentarily uneven electron distributions producing changing -/+ regions that cause weak attractions |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen atom plus another electronegative atom thus having a "partial positive charge" |
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Term
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Definition
| 6CO2+6H2O+light energy -->C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| where O is linked because H2O is taken out |
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