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Organic compound having one or more hyfroxyl groups that dissolves easily in water.
EX) ethanol |
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| A small organic compound with a carbocylic acid group, an amino group, and a characteristic side group (R); monomer of polypeptide chains |
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| Adenosine triphosphate. A type of nucleotide that functions as the main energy carrier between reaction sites in cells. Consists of the base adenine, the 5-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. |
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| Any molecule of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen typically in a 1:2:1 ration. main kinds are monosaccrides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccrides. They serve as structural materials, energy stores, and transportable energy forms. |
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An organic molecule that is anecessary participant in some enzymatic reactions; helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups;
EX) a vitamin, ATP, NAD+ |
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| type of chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded as a larger molecule; water often forms as a by-product. |
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| Disruption of hydrogen bonds and other interactions holding a molecule in its 3-D shape, which thereby changes. Increases in temperature, shifts in pH, and detergents can cause it. |
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| [Gk. di, two, + sakcharon, sugar] A carbohydrate composed of two sugar monomers. |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid. Double-stranded nucleic acid twisted into a helical shape; its base sequence encodes the primary hereditary informatio for all living organisms and many viruses. |
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| A type of protein that catalyzes (speeds) a chemical reaction. Sone RNAs also show catalytic activity. |
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| Type of lipid with one, two, or three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol head. |
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| Organic compound having a carboxyl group and a backbone of as many as 36 carbon atoms; saturated types have single bonds only; unsaturated types include one or more double covalent bonds. |
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| An atom or a group of atoms with characteristic properties that is covalently bonded to the carbon backbone of an organic compound. |
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| Highly branced polysaccharide of glucose monomers; the main storage carbohydrate in animals. |
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| PRotein with linear or branced oligosaccharides covalently bonded to it. |
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| [Gk. haima, blood, +L. globus, ball] A hemecontaining protein produced by red blood cells; carries most of the oxygen in blood. |
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| Organic compound with only hydrogen bonded to its carbon backbone. |
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| [L. hydro, water, +Gk. lysis, loosening] A clevage reaction; an enzyme splits a molecule, then the components of water (-OH and -H) are attached to the fragments. |
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| One of the nonpolar hydrocarbons; EX) a fat, oil, wax, sterol, phospholipid, or glycolipid. Cells use as storage forms of energy and building blocks. |
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| A protein complexed with cholesterol, triglycerides, or phospholipids that were absorbed from the small intestine. |
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| Any small molecule that is a repeating subunit in a polymer; EX) the sugar monomers of starch. |
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| [Gk. monos, alone, single, +sakcharon, sugar] A simple sugar. |
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| Single stranded or doublestranded molecule of nucleotides joined at phosphate groups; EX) DNA, RNA. |
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| Small organic compound with a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group. Functions as coenzymes or monomers of nucleic acids. |
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| Short-chain carbohydrate of two or more cobalently bonded sugar monomers; EX) sucrose and other disaccarides. |
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| Any carbon-based molecule that also incorporates atoms of hydrogen and, often, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements; EX) fats, proteins. |
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| The chemical bond formed between the carboxyl groups and amino groups of neighboring amino acids, constituting the primary linkage of all protein structures. |
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| A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head. The main constituent of cell membranes. |
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| Large moelcule of multiple linked monomers. |
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| 3 or more amino acids lined by peptide bonds. |
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| [Gk. polus, many, +sakcharon, sugar] Straight or branched chain of covalently bonded monomers of the same or different kinds of sugars; EX) cellulose, starch, and glycogen. |
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| Organic compound consisting of one or more polypeptide chains. Diverse kinds have structural, funcional, and reguatory roles in all organisms. |
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| Ribonucleic acid. Any class of single-stranded nucleic acids involved in geme transcription and translation; sone RNAs show enzyme activity. |
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| Any lipid consisting of a rigid backbone of 4 fused carbon rings. |
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| A lipid with 3 fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone. |
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| A lipid with long-chain fatty acids attached to an alcohol other than glycerol. |
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| PRotein monomer of microfilaments that functions in contraction, cell division, and reinforcing or reconfiguring the shape of a cell or its contents. |
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| Complex of adhesion proteins that anchors cells to each other and to extracellular matrixes. |
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| An organelle that started out as a centriole, the source of a 9+2 array of microtubules in a cilium or flagellum. It remains below the finished array. |
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| Smallest unit that still dispays the properties of life; it has the capacity to survive and reproduce on its own. |
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| A dynamic mesh of crosslinked cytoskeletal elements just underneath the plasma membrane and attached to it. |
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| Of a tissue, any molecular structure that connects adjoining cells physically, chemically, or both at their plasma membranes. |
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| All organisms consist of one or more cells, the cell is teh smallest unit of organization still displaying the properties of life, and life's continuity arises directly from growth and division of single walls. |
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| Of many cells (not animal cells), a semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane; helps a cell retain its shape and resist rupturing. |
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| In any mature, living plant cells, an organelle that stores amino acids, sugars, and some wastes; when it enlarges during growth, it forces the cell to enlarge and increse its surface area. |
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| A barrel-shaped structure that arises from a centrosome and organizes newly forming microtubules into a 9+2 array inside a cilium or flagellum. |
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| Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and algae. Two outer membranes enclose a semifluid interir, the stroma. a third membrane froms a compartment inside that functions in ATP and NADPH formation; sugars from in the stroma. |
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| All of the DNA molecules and associated proteins in a nucleus. |
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| In eukaryotic cells, a linear DNA double helix with many histnoes and other proteins attached. |
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| A motile structure with a 9+2 array of microtubules that projects from the plasma membrane of certain eukaryotic cells. Modified cilia, such as those of hair cells, have sensory functions. |
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| A type of single-celled photoautotroph; the first to use a noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis, which slowly enriched the early atmosphere with oxygen. |
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| All cell parts, particles, and semifluid substances between the plasma membrane and the nucleus or nucleoid. |
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| In a eukaryotic cell, the synamic framework of diverse protein filaments that structurally support, organize, and move the cell and internal structures. PRokaryotic cells have a few similar protein filaments. |
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| Endoplamic reticulum, Golgi bodies, ans transport vesicles concerned with modification of many new proteins, lipid assembly, and their transport within the cytoplasm or to the plasma membrane for export. |
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| Organelle that extends from the nuclear envelope through cytoplasm. Ribosomes coat the cytoplasm side of rough ER, whichmodifies many new polypeptide chains in its lumen. Membrane lipids are assembled, fatty acids are broken down, and some toxins are inactivated in the lumen of smooth ER. |
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| An intimate, permanent ecological interation in which one speces lives and reproduces in te other's body to the benefit of one or both. |
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| Of many eukaryotic cells, a long, whip-like motile structure with an inner 9+2 array of microtubules. Prokaryotic flagella do not have this array and are not whiplike; they rotate like a propeller. |
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| Cylindrical arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane of adjoining cells; they pair up as open channels for rapid flows of ions and small mocules. |
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| Organelles of endomembrane system; its enzymes modify many new polypeptide chains, assemble lipids, and package both inside vesicles for secretion or for use inside cell. |
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| Cytoskeletal element that mechanically strengthens some cells. |
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| Gluelike polymer deposited in secondary cell walls; makes some plant parts stronger, more waterproof, and less vulnerable to attacks. |
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| Structural basis of all cell membranes; mainly phospholipids arranged tail to tail in two layers, with hydropilic heads of one dissolved in cytoplasmc fluid and heads of the other in extracellular fluid. |
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| Vesicle filled with enzymes that functions in itracellular digestion. |
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| The thinnest cytoskeletal element; consists of atin subunits that function in cell contraction, movement, and structural support. |
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| Largest cytoskeletal element; a filament of tubulin subunits. Contributes to cell shape, growth, and motion. |
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| A type of accessory protein that interacts with microfilaments or with microtubules to moce cell structures of the whole cell; EX) myosin |
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| An ATP-energized motor protein that moves cell components on cytoskeletal tracks. Interacts with actin in sarcomeres to bring about contraction. |
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| A double membrane that is the outer boundary of the nucleus. |
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| The portion of a prokaryotic cell where DNA is physically organized but not enclosed in a membrane. |
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| In an interphase nucleus, a mass of material from which RNA and proteins are assembled into the subunits of ribosomes. |
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| Large organelle with an outer envelope of 2 pore-eidden lipid bilayers that separates eukaryotic chromosomes from the cytoplasm. |
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One of the membrane-bound compartments that carry out specialized metabolic functions in eukaryotic cells.
EX) a nucleus, mitochondria. |
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| Enzymes-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances such as ethanol. |
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| A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head. The main constituent of cell membranes. |
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| Outer cell membrane; the structural and functional boundary between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. |
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| Plasmodesma, plasmodesmata |
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| A plant cell junction that connects the sytoplasm of adjoining cells. |
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| The first thin, pliable wall of young plant cells. |
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| A dynamic lobe of membrane enclosed cytoplasm; functions in motility and phagocytosis by amoebas, amoeboid cells, and many white blood cells. |
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| The site of polypeptide chain synthesis in all cells. An intact ribosome has 2 subunits of rRNA and proteins. |
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| A rigid, permeable wall inside the primary wall of many plant cells; forms after the first growing season. |
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| The semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane system and two outer membranes of a chloroplast where sucrose, starch, cellulose, and other end products of photosynthesis are built. |
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| A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, but the surface area increases with the square. |
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| An array of many strands of fibrous proteins collectively joining the sides of cells that make up an epithelium; the array prevents solutes from leaking between the cells. |
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| A small, membrane-bound sac in the cytoplasm; different sacs transport or store substances or hold enzymes that digest their contents. |
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