Term
| The major groups of living things are called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a microscopic protist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are larger than size and more complex than bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like nonliving thigs, organism are composed of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of life from biggest to smallest? |
|
Definition
| atom, element, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells live independently? What type of cells cluster together in microscopic colonies? |
|
Definition
| unicellular; multicellular |
|
|
Term
| Each new level of biological organization has ______that are due to interactions between the parts making up the whole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do living things need in order to live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is the capacity to do work and it takes work to maintain the organization of the cell and organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term______encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every type of living thing can _____, or make another organism like itself. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are modifications that make organisms suited to their way of life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charles Darwin illustrated that organisms become modified over time by a process called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of interbreeding individuals |
|
|
Term
| _____is descent with modification over time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____is the zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the earth where organisms exist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the members of species within a particular area |
|
|
Term
| The populations of a _____interact among themselves and with the physical environment thereby forming an _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The interactions between various food chains make up a_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ecosystems are characterized by what two things? |
|
Definition
| chemical cycling and energy flow |
|
|
Term
| With each transfer of energy, some energy is lost as_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most biologically diverse ecosystems? |
|
Definition
| tropical rain forests and coral reefs |
|
|
Term
| Some reefs are 50 million years old, and yet in just a few decades human activities have destroyed ____of all coral reefs and seriously degraded another ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is the total number and relative abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the different ecosystems in which they live. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is the death of species or larger classification category. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| It is estimated that presently we are losing as many as _____species per day due to human activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It has been suggested that the primary bioethical issue of our time is _____ |
|
Definition
| preservation of our ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| _____is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classification catergories from most inclusive to least inclusive? |
|
Definition
| domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species |
|
|
Term
| Does each classification group have less or more species than the preceding one? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only three demains? |
|
Definition
| domain bacteria, domain archae, and domain eukarya |
|
|
Term
| Both domain bacteria and domain archae contain_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____are prokaryotes capable of surviving in extreme environments, such as those with high salinity and temperature and low pH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____are metabolically diverse prokaryotes widely distributed in various environments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are structurally simple but metabolically complex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kingdoms does domain eukarya contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four kingdoms that domain eukarya contains? |
|
Definition
| protists, fungi plantae,and animalia |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of protists? |
|
Definition
| algae, protozoans, water molds |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of fungi? |
|
Definition
| molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms |
|
|
Term
| _____are mulitcellular photosynthetic organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are multicellular organisms that must ingest and process their food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biologists use______to assign each living thing a two part name called a scientific name. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a scientific name,the first word is the_____and the second word is the______ |
|
Definition
| genius; specific epithet of a species within a genus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientists use all their senses when making_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______occurs whenever a person uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a possible explanation for a natural event |
|
|
Term
| Testing a hypothesis inolves either_____or ______ |
|
Definition
| conducting an experiment or making further observations |
|
|
Term
| Deductive reasoning involves what kind of logic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Making a ____helps scientists know what to do next in an experiment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment is called the_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the control/control group? |
|
Definition
| a part of the experiment that goes through all the steps of an experiment but lacks the factor being tested |
|
|
Term
| Scientists often use a_____, a representation of an actual object when doing an experiment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the results of the experiment are referred to as the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two characteristics that data should be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the independent and dependent variable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a conclusion tell? |
|
Definition
| whether the hypothesis is supported or not |
|
|
Term
| What are scientific theories? |
|
Definition
| concepts that join together to form well supported and related hypotheses |
|
|
Term
| What is the unifying concept of biology? Why? |
|
Definition
| the theory of evolution because it pertains to many different aspects of living things |
|
|
Term
| What is another word for experimental variable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the independent variable? |
|
Definition
| the component or factor being tested |
|
|
Term
| The result of the independent variable is the_____(2 words for it). |
|
Definition
| responding/dependent variable |
|
|
Term
| What are five characteristics of living things? |
|
Definition
| they are organized, need an outside source of energy,respond to external stimuli,reproduce, have adaptations |
|
|
Term
| Plants are well known as the______. Animals are _____and______their food. |
|
Definition
| multicellular photo-synthesizers of the world; multicellular, ingest |
|
|
Term
| Several conlcusions in a particular area of a scientific experiment may allow scientists to arrive at a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that takes up space and has mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that cannot be broken down to a simpler substance with different properties |
|
|
Term
| what are the six elements that are basic to life and make up about 95 perecent of the body weight of organisms? |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur |
|
|
Term
| Elements consist of tiny particles called_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The atomic mass is the same as the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three best known subatomic particles? |
|
Definition
| protons, neutrons, electrons |
|
|
Term
| All atoms of an element have the same number of _____. This is called the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sum of protons and neutrons |
|
|
Term
| Which is the term atomic mass used instead of atomic weight? |
|
Definition
| because mass is constant and weight changes according to the gravitational pull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
|
|
Term
| Isotopes have the same number of protons but they have different____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three negative results of radioactive substaces? |
|
Definition
| harming of cells, damaging of DNA, and causing cancer |
|
|
Term
| What makes something radioactive? |
|
Definition
| it releases various types of energy in the form of rays and subatomic particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a particular volume of space where an electron is most apt to be found most of the time |
|
|
Term
| How many electrons can be in an orbital? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the octet rule state? |
|
Definition
| that the outer shell is most stable when it has 8 electrons |
|
|
Term
| What does the number of electrons in the outer shell determine? |
|
Definition
| whether an atom reacts with other atoms |
|
|
Term
| When atoms of two or more elements bond together, the product is called a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest part of a compound that still has properties of that compound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when electrons are transferred to one another |
|
|
Term
| Ionic compounds are held together by an atrtraction between negatively and positively charged ions called an_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attraction of negative and positive charges |
|
|
Term
| A ______results when two atoms share electrons in such a way that each atom has an octet of electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in a double covalent bond? |
|
Definition
| two atoms share two pairs of electrons |
|
|
Term
| Can atoms form triple covalent bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of bond is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the sharing of electrons between two atoms is fairly equal, the covalent bond is said to be a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond is called its______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond creates a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polarity within a water molecule causes hydrogen atoms in one molecule to be attracted to the oxygen atoms in other water molecules. This attraction is called a______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first cells evolved in water, and all living things are _____water. (percent) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to hydrogen bonding, what do water molecules do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water has a high _____and high_____. |
|
Definition
| heat capacity and heat of vaporization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the aomount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree celsius |
|
|
Term
| What temperature does water melt? What temp does it boil? |
|
Definition
| zero degrees celsius; 100 degrees celsius |
|
|
Term
| Converting one gram of the coldest liquid water to ice requires the loss of _____of heat energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does water's temperature fall more slowly than that of other liquids? |
|
Definition
| because water holds onto its heat |
|
|
Term
| Converting one gram of the hottest water to gas requires an input of ____of heat energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does water have a high heat of vaporization? |
|
Definition
| because hydrogen bonds must be broken before water boils and water molecules vaporize |
|
|
Term
| How does water's high heat of vaporization benefit animals? |
|
Definition
| because it gives animals in a hot environment an efficient way to release excess body heat |
|
|
Term
| Why are temperatures along the coast moderate? |
|
Definition
| becasue of water's high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A solution contains dissolved substances which are then called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bodies of organism cool when their heat is used to____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teh atraction of a slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity |
|
|
Term
| Molecules that can attract water are said to be _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nonionized and nonpolar molecules are said to be _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a hydrophobic molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cohesion and adhesion allow water to____> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stronger the force between molecules in a liquid, the greater the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As with cohesion, hydrogen bonding causes water to have a high_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more dense:ice or liquid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What temperature are water molecules densest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to ice when it freezes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When water ionizes it releases an equal number of _____and_____. |
|
Definition
| hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that dissolve in water, releasing hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that either take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the pH scale? |
|
Definition
| it is used to indicate the acidity or basicity of a solution |
|
|
Term
| The pH scale ranges from __to___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pH of seven represents a ____ in which hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations are equal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As you move down the pH scale from pH 14 to pH zero, each unit has____the hydrogen ion concentration as the previous unit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical or a combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits |
|
|
Term
| What is the pH of healthy blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of chemistry? |
|
Definition
| organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry |
|
|
Term
| What do we define as organic molecules? |
|
Definition
| those that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms |
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of organic compounds in any living thing? |
|
Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chains of carbon atoms bonded exlusively to hydrogen atoms |
|
|
Term
| The carbon chain of an organic molecules is called its ____ or ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A_____is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reactis in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophobic means _____. Hydrophilic means____. |
|
Definition
| not soluble in water; soluble in water |
|
|
Term
| _____are organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas bta different arrangemnt of atoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic avids are called_____bcause of thier large size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest of the macromolecules are called ____because they are constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of subunits called____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during a dehydration reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during a hydrolysis reaction? |
|
Definition
| an OH group from water attaches to one subunit and an H from water attaches to the other subunit |
|
|
Term
| An_____is a molecule that sppeds a reaction by bring reactants together, and the ____may even particpate in the reaction but it is unchanged by it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic molecules are routinely built up in cells by the removal of water during a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic molecules are degraded in cells by the addition of water during a _____reaction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the subunits of lipds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a carbohydrate? What are the subunits? |
|
Definition
| polysaccharide; monosaccahride |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a protein? What are its subunits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of nucelic acid? What are it's subunits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sugar in its simplest form called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbs are used by cells for____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a monosaccharide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____contains two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a disaccharide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
| polymers of monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a polysccharide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants store glucose as ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals store glucose as ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liver sugar that is stored for later use |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common molecule on earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of structural polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
| cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
| _____is found in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of crabs and related animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can chitin and cellulose be digested by animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A variety of organic compounds are classified as _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are lipids insoluble in water? |
|
Definition
| because of their hydrocarbon chains |
|
|
Term
| What are the five types of lipds? |
|
Definition
| fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes |
|
|
Term
| Fats and oils contain two types of subunit molecules: _____and_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is a compound with three -OH groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is glycerol soluble in water? why or why not? |
|
Definition
| yes because the OH groups are polar |
|
|
Term
| Because there are three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule, fats and oils are sometimes called_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____have no double bonds between the carbon atoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever teh number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____have polar heads and nonpolar tails therefore they are suited to forming a membrane that surrounds a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are steroids soluble in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroid molecules have _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is an essential component on an animal cell's plasma membrane, where ti provides physical stablity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are waxes (structurally)? |
|
Definition
| long chain fatty acids bonded with long chain alochols |
|
|
Term
| Why are waxes solid at room temp? |
|
Definition
| because they have a high melting point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a long chain of amino acids coiled up |
|
|
Term
| What kind of protein makes up hair and nails? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______are regulatory proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resulting covalent bond between two amino acids is called a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more amino acids bonded together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
| A protein can have up to how many levels of structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The structue that involves an alpha helix and a beta sheet were part of the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are structural proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Globular proteins are a part of which structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a globular protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a protein loses its natural shape, it is said to be_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps new proteins fold into their normal shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of a protein is dependent upon its ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are polymers of nucleotides with very specific functions in cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every nucleotide is a molecular complex of what three types of molecules? |
|
Definition
| phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen containing base |
|
|
Term
| DNA is double stranded. What holds the two strands together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an intermediary during the process of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| ____is a nucletoide in which adenosine is composed of adenine and ribose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a common high energy molecule in cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest unit of living matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two different types of cells? |
|
Definition
| prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
| a prokarytik does not have a nucleus; eukaryotic does |
|
|
Term
| A rod chaped baterium is called a _____ while a spherical shaped bacterium is a ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the cell envelope? |
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| it regulates teh entrance and existance of substances into and out of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| The plasma membrane can form internal pouches called_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______most likely increase the internal surface area for the attachment of enzymes that are carrying on metabolic activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____maintians the shape of the cell even if the cytoplasm should happen to take up an abundance of water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The_____is a layer of polysaccharides lying outside the cell wall. When the layer is well organized and not easily washed off, it is called a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The_____is a semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The DNA of a bacterium is in a single chromosome that coils up and is located in a region called the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many bacteria also have an extrachromosomal piece of circular DNA called a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The many proteins specified for by bacterial DNA are synthesized on tiny particles called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The_____found in the cytoplasm are stored granules of various substances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The____are bacteria that photosynthesize in the same manner as plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three things make up the cell envelope? |
|
Definition
| glycocalyx, cell wall, and plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| What three things make up the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| nucleoid, ribsomes, and thylakoids |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the appendages? |
|
Definition
| flagella, sex pili, fimbriae |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nucleus contains_____in a semifluid matrix called the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bubbles that travel around the cell |
|
|
