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AP Biology - Chapter 9
Metabolic Pathways - Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
84
Biology
11th Grade
12/01/2009

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Term
the partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen (anaerobic)
Definition
fermentation
Term
aerobic respiration
Definition
respiration in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
Term
carbohydrates, fats, and ___ can all be processed and consumed as fuel by cells
Definition
proteins
Term
the balanced chemical equation for the degradation of glucose
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)
Term
redox reaction stands for ___
Definition
oxidation-reduction reaction
Term
the loss of electrons from a substance is ___ and the addition of electrons to another substance is called ___
Definition
oxidation (remember OIL: oxidation is a loss of electrons); reduction (remember RIG: reduction is a gain of electrons)
Term
adding electrons to something is called reduction because
Definition
the negatively charged electrons reduce the amount of positive charge
Term
the electron donor in a redox reaction
Definition
reducing agent
Term
oxidizing agent
Definition
the electron acceptor in a redox reaction
Term
in cellular respiration, oxygen becomes reduced to form
Definition
water
Term
in cellular respiration glucose becomes oxidized to form
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
hydrogen atoms taken from glucose are carried by the coenzyme NAD+ to form
Definition
NADH
Term
each NADH molecule formed during respiration represents ___
Definition
stored energy
Term
the electron transport chain brings electrons down many energy releasing steps and finally to ___
Definition
oxygen
Term
an electron transport chain is made up of mainly ___ built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Definition
proteins
Term
glucose > NADH >___ > oxygen
Definition
electron transport chain
Term
glycolysis occurs in the
Definition
cytosol
Term
pyruvate consists of 2, 3-carbon molecules derived from the breaking apart of glucose during ___
Definition
glycolysis
Term
___ occurs within the mitochondrial matrix
Definition
the citric acid cycle
Term
ATP synthesis powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain
Definition
oxidative phosphorylation
Term
electron transport and chemiosmosis together consitute ___
Definition
oxidative phosphorylation
Term
almost 90% of ATP generated by respiration is produced by ___ phosphorylation
Definition
oxidative
Term
ATP formed during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is formed by ___ phosphorylation
Definition
substrate-level
Term
each molecule of ___ yields 38 ATP when degraded into carbon dioxide and water
Definition
glucose
Term
glycolysis literally means
Definition
sugar-splitting
Term
glucose, a 6-carbon sugar, is split into two ___ sugars called pyruvate during glycolysis.
Definition
3-carbon
Term
the two phases of glycolysis are ___ and energy payoff
Definition
energy investment
Term
pyruvate goes on to enter the mitochondria only if ___ is present
Definition
oxygen
Term
when pyruvate loses a carboxyl group and releases it as a molecule of carbon dioxide, the remaining 2-carbon molecule is called ___
Definition
acetate
Term
the 2-carbon acetate bonds to ___ to form acetyl CoA
Definition
coenzyme A
Term
the Krebs cycle is also know as ___
Definition
the citric acid cycle
Term
each turn of the citric acid cycle yields ___ ATP
Definition
one
Term
____, like NADH, carries high energy electrons to the electron transport chain
Definition
FADH2
Term
3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 are created each turn of the ___
Definition
citric acid cycle
Term
acetyl CoA adds its 2-carbon acetyl to the 4-carbon ___ to form the 6-carbon citrate
Definition
oxaloacetate
Term
these are tightly bound to proteins that make up the electron transport chain, and are nonprotein components of the chain
Definition
prosthetic groups
Term
NADH drops its electron off in ___ of the electron transport chain
Definition
complex I
Term
cytochrome
Definition
one of the electron carrying proteins between coenzyme Q and oxygen in the electron transport chain
Term
oxygen makes a good final electron acceptor because
Definition
it is very electronegative
Term
FADH2 drops its electrons off at ___ of the electron transport chain
Definition
Complex II
Term
FADH2 represents less energy than NADH because
Definition
FADH2 introduces its electrons to the electron transport chain at a lower level than NADH
Term
ATP synthase is a protein complex within the mitochondrion inner membrane. It makes ATP from ___ and inorganic phosphate.
Definition
ADP
Term
ATP uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis. This process is called ___
Definition
chemiosmosis
Term
ATP synthase is the smallest ___
Definition
molecular rotary motor known in nature
Term
the H+ gradient that powers chemiosmosis is upheld by ___
Definition
the electron transport chain
Term
a proton-motive force is ___
Definition
the H+ gradient force that drives H+ through the channels provided by ATP synthase
Term
glucose > ___ > electron transport chain > proton-motive force > ATP
Definition
NADH
Term
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yield ___ out of the ___ total ATP produced by respiration
Definition
4; 38
Term
about 40% of the potential chemical energy in ___ is transfered to ATP during respiration. ___ is released as ___
Definition
glucose; 60%; heat
Term
fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ___ without the use of oxygen
Definition
ATP
Term
during lactic acid fermentation NADH deposits its H+ back onto the ___ it took it from to create lactate
Definition
pyruvate
Term
many bacteria carry out alcoholic fermentation, the process in which pyruvate is converted into ethanol with the waste product ___
Definition
CO2
Term
obligate anaerobes carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of ___
Definition
oxygen
Term
facultative anaerobe
Definition
makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is available but switches to anaerobic or fermentation if oxygen isn't present
Term
many different types of carbohydrates can be changed into glucose to be used in ___
Definition
glycolysis
Term
deamination
Definition
process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids
Term
proteins are often deconstructed and the amino acids are used by the organism to build more proteins but excess amino acids are used as intermediates of ___
Definition
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Term
fats are digested to glycerol and fatty acids, these are both used as intermediates of ___
Definition
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Term
glycerol is converted to ___ an intermediate of ___
Definition
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL); glycolysis
Term
beta oxidation
Definition
metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids into 2-carbon fragments, FADH2, and NADH
Term
fatty acids are broken into 2-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as ___
Definition
acetyl CoA
Term
humans can make about half of the 20 amino acids in proteins by modifying compounds taken from the ___
Definition
citric acid cycle
Term
a cell can synthesize molecules it needs by taking intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and diverting them to ___
Definition
anabolic pathways
Term
inhibition
Definition
the end product of the anabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes an early step of the pathway
Term
an enzyme that catalyzes a step of glycolysis that can be inhibited or stimulated to slow or speed up the entire catabolic process
Definition
phosphofructokinase
Term
phosphofructokinase, an enzyme that catalyzes a stage of glycolysis is inhibited by ___
Definition
excess citrate or ATP
Term
phosphofructokinase, an enzyme that catalyzes a stage of glycolysis is stimulated by ___
Definition
AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
Term
energy is (produced/released) and not (produced/released)
Definition
released; produced
Term
each ATP consists of these 3 parts
Definition
an adenine molecule, a ribose (sugar) molecule, and 3 phosphate molecules in a chain
Term
the third phosphate attached to ATP is atached by a ___
Definition
high energy bond
Term
has the ability to do work or change something
Definition
energy
Term
phosphorylation
Definition
the addition of a phosphate molecule to make ATP from ADP
Term
glycolysis alone yields ___ ATP per glucose molecule
Definition
2
Term
pyruvate is sometimes called ___ acid
Definition
pyruvic
Term
what goes into glycolysis (4 things)
Definition
1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, and 4 ADP + P
Term
what comes out of glycolysis (3 things)
Definition
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (2 net), and 2 NADH
Term
when pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA, what goes into the reaction (3 things)
Definition
1 pyruvate, 1 CoA, 1 NAD+
Term
when pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA, what comes out of the reaction (3 things)
Definition
1 acetyl CoA, 1 carbon dioxide, 1 NADH
Term
what goes into 1 turn of the citric acid cycle (5 things)
Definition
1 acetyl CoA, 1 oxaloacetate, 1 ADP + P, 3 NAD+, and 1 FAD
Term
what comes out of 1 turn of the citric acid cycle (5 things)
Definition
1 coenzyme A, 2 carbon dioxide, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
Term
what goes into the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation reactions (5 things)
Definition
10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 24 H+, 6 O2, 34 ADP + P
Term
what comes out of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation reactions (4 things)
Definition
10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 12 H2O, 34 ATP
Term
what goes into fermentation (2 things)
Definition
pyruvate, NADH
Term
what comes out of fermentation (2 things)
Definition
NAD+, and either ethanol + CO2, or lactate
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