Term
| What is the difference between bone and cartilage? |
|
Definition
| bone contains nerves and blood vessels, cartilage doesn't |
|
|
Term
| What two things make up bones? |
|
Definition
| collagen and calcium salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osteoblasts and osteoclasts rebuild it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What holds bones together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| JOints are held together by tough connective tissues called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____attach bone to bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches muscles to bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of muscles? |
|
Definition
| skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
|
|
Term
| What do skeletal muscles control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stripes on skeletal muscles called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles are made of____which subdivide into _____. |
|
Definition
| muscle bundles; muscle fascicles |
|
|
Term
| Within each muscle fascicle are ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within each muscle fiber are contractile fibers called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscles---muscle bundles---musicle fascicles----msucle fiber cells----myofibrils-----sacromeres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fundamental unit in a muscle cell called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two protein filaments in a sarcromere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diff. between actin and myosin? |
|
Definition
| actins are thin filaments, myosins are thick filaments |
|
|
Term
| What is an insect's exosketleton made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are smooth muscles responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the contractions in smooth muscles different from skeltal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are cardiac muscles located and how are they similar to skeletal and smooth muslces? |
|
Definition
| in the heart; they are stirated like skeletal muscles but are also control involuntary movements like smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
| What holds cardiac muscles together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do smooth muslce na dcardiac muscle get htier nerve impulse from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are skeletal muscles located? smooth muscles? |
|
Definition
| attached to skeleton; wall of digestive tract and inside blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle tissue has more than one type of nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the flow of calcium into cells is essential to what process? |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What are four substances involved in bone remodeling? |
|
Definition
| vitamin d, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| _____is embryonic connective tissue found early in life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hormone ecdysone promote? |
|
Definition
| molting and metamorphosis of a larva to a butterfly |
|
|
Term
| What does juvenile hormone do? |
|
Definition
| causes larva to retain their characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help animals communicate with members of their species and attract the opposite sex |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells called that are affected by hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones operate by a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____is the master gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts ofthe pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete and what are they? |
|
Definition
| 6; growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thryoid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteininizing hormone, prolactin |
|
|
Term
| _____stimuulates growth throughout the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. |
|
Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
|
Term
| ____stimulates the thryoid to secrete thyroxine. |
|
Definition
| thyroid stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| _____stimulates the follicle to grow in females and spermatogenesis in males. |
|
Definition
| follicle stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| _____causes the release of the ovum during the menstrual cycle in females, and testosterone prouction in males. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____stimulates the mammmary glands to produce milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pituitary gland works iwth what other part of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the hypothalamus regulate the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete? |
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for antidiuretic hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the antidiuretic hormone do? |
|
Definition
| regulates water intake by nephrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the contraction of the uterus and ducts of mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| What are the five hormones that are made in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior pitutiary? |
|
Definition
| GATOR--growth hormone, ACTH, thyroid stimulating hormone, oxytocin, antidiuRetic hormone. GAT=anterior; OR=posterior; FLAP=FSH, LH, and prolactin |
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are secreted by the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are glucagon and insulin made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aret he target organs for glucagon and insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does glucagon stimulate the liver to do? |
|
Definition
| convert glycogen to glucose and release that glucose to the blood |
|
|
Term
| How does gluacagon affect the glucose levels in the blood? insulin? |
|
Definition
| glucagon increases it and insulin decreases it |
|
|
Term
| When the blood has too much glucose floating around, _____allows body cells to remove glucose from the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____lowers the blood sugar level. ____raises the blood sugar level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenal glands contain 2 separate endocrine glands. What are they? |
|
Definition
| adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the two types of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| What do the mineralocorticoids do? |
|
Definition
| help the body retain sodium and water in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Glucocoticoids targets the ____and promote the release of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineralocortoids target the _____and promote the _____. |
|
Definition
| kidneys; retention of water |
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and nonrepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| When are epinephrine and nonrepinephrine active? |
|
Definition
| when the body is under extreme stress |
|
|
Term
| The thyroid gland is the target organ of what hormone? |
|
Definition
| thyroid stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| When the thryoid is stimulated by TSH, what does it release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroxine contains_____and is responsible for_____. |
|
Definition
| iodine; regulating the metabolic rate in the body's tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when someone releases too much thyroxine; fast metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when someone doesn't release enough thryoxine in blood; slow metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| Other than thyroxine, what other hormone is secreted by the thryorid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease blood's concentration of calcium and depositis calcium molecules in bones |
|
|
Term
| The ____-are four pea shaped organs that rest on the thyroid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone do parathyroids secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does parthyroid hormone do? |
|
Definition
| increase blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin takes calcium from ____and takes it to the ____. Parathryoid hormone takes calcium from ____and takes it to ______. |
|
Definition
| blood, bones; bones, blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the word that describes the process of building and breaking down bones to store and release calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are released by the ovaries? |
|
Definition
| estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hormone have to be to get to the target cell by simple diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two responsiblities of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
| manufacture ova and secrete estrogen/progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the three phases of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| follicular phase, luteal phase, menstruation |
|
|
Term
| What 2 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate several follicles int he ovaries to grow, but only one gains dominance and leads the others |
|
|
Term
| As the follicle grows, it releases _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen causes the uterine lining to ____and causes the pituitary to release ______. |
|
Definition
| thicken; luteinizing hormone |
|
|
Term
| The release of LH is known as the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the release of the follicle from the ovary |
|
|
Term
| The luteal surge makes the ____burst and release the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ovum begins its journey into the _____which is also called the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the follicular phase end? |
|
Definition
| when the ovum is released |
|
|
Term
| What word is used to describe the thickening of the uterine walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the follicular phse last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What all has happened by the end of the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
| the ovum has moved into the fallopian tube and the follicle has been ruptured and left behind in the ovary |
|
|
Term
| What does the ruptured follicle look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ruptured follicle condenses into a little yellow blob called the ____which is Latin for yellow body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and also starts secreting _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does progesterone ready the body for pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| promoting gland growth and blood vessel growth in the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What is the hormone of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the third stage of the menstrual cycle and what happens during this stage? |
|
Definition
| menstruation; walls of the uterus are shed through bleeding |
|
|
Term
| If fertilization does not occur after 2 weeks, what happens to the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pregnancy occurs, the extraembryonic tissue of the fetus releases_____. |
|
Definition
| human chroioinic gonadtropin ( HCG) |
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are sperm and male hormones made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main tissue of the testes? |
|
Definition
| seminiferous tubules where meiosis occurs |
|
|
Term
| Where do the spermatids mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______which are supporting tissue, produce testosterone and other androgens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sperm travels through the ____and pick up fluids from the ____and _____. |
|
Definition
| vas deferens; seminal vesicles; prostate gland |
|
|
Term
| ____targets the seminiferous tubules of the testes where it stimulates sperm production. ____stimulates interstitial cells to make testosterone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of a single celled egg developing into a multicellular organism is called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order for the human sperm to fertilize and egg, it must dissolve the ____which is a dense covering of follicle cells that surrounds the egg. Then the sperm must penetrate the _____which is the zone below the corona radiata. |
|
Definition
| corona radiata; zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, it forms a ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fertilization triggers the zygote to go through many rapid cell divisons called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during clevage? |
|
Definition
| the embryo does not grow, it just keeps dividing to form a morula |
|
|
Term
| After clevage the next stage is the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the cell continues to divide during blastula, they press against each other and form a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a morula and a blastocoel? |
|
Definition
| morula is solid; blastocoel is fluid filled |
|
|
Term
| What happens during gastrulation? |
|
Definition
| zygote begins to change its shape and cells migrate into blastocoel and form 3 germ layers |
|
|
Term
| What are the three germ layers? |
|
Definition
| ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
|
|
Term
| The three germ layers help make ____and____in the boyd. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ectoderm produces what three parts of the body? |
|
Definition
| epidermis, eyes, nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Endoderm produces what 3 parts of the body? |
|
Definition
| linings of the digestive tract, linings of the respiratory tract, accesory organs |
|
|
Term
| What are the three accessory organs? |
|
Definition
| pancreas, gall bladder, liver |
|
|
Term
| What does the mesoderm produce? |
|
Definition
| bones, muscles, exretory, circulatory, and reproductive systems |
|
|
Term
| The neurula stage is called_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two structures are formed during the neurula stage? |
|
Definition
| notochord, nueral tube cells |
|
|
Term
| The nuerula stage ultimately helps to develop the_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of the embryological development? |
|
Definition
| zygote, clevage, blastula, gastrula, organogenesis |
|
|
Term
| In addition to the germ layers, some animals have______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four extraembryonic membranes? |
|
Definition
| yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantosis |
|
|
Term
| The _____provides food for the embryo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____forms a fluid filled sac that protects the embryo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____is a membrane involved in gas exchange. It also stores_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____is the outermost membrane that surrounds all the other extraembryonic membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____and the_____are outgrowths of the 4 extraembryonic membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____is the organ that provides the fetus with nutrients and oxygen and gets rid of the fetus' wastes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____is the organ that connects the embryo to the placenta. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some tissues determine the fate of other tissues in a process called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the development of the embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____consist of homeoboxes that encode proteins that bind to DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which a less specialized cell becomes more specialized is called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____specify the position of body parts in the developing embryo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process produces embryonic germ layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highly coiled tube in which sperm are produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretes a fructose rich fluid that serves as an ernergy source for sperm:_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretes male sex hormones:____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extraembryonic membrane that stores waste products: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Germ line cell in male or female: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluid filled cavity that forms after several rounds of cell division: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results immediately after fertilization of the ovum by a sperm: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solid mass of cells produced by clevage of zygote=_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
