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AP Biology Chapter 03
Simon Kenton
60
Biology
12th Grade
09/21/2011

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Term
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Definition
Hydroxyl
Term
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Definition
Ketone
Term
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Definition
Amine Group
Term
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Definition
Amino Acid
Term
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Definition
Carboxyl
Term
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Definition
Triglyceride
Term
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Definition
Testosterone
Term
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Definition
Methyl
Term
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Definition
Aldehyde
Term
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Definition
Sucrose
Term
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Definition
Pyrimidine
Term
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Definition
Pyrimidine
Term
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Definition
Phospholipid
Term
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Definition
Cellulose
Term
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Definition
Glucose
Term
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Definition
Phosphate
Term
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Definition
Purine
Term
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Definition
Amino Acid
Term
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Definition
Estrogen
Term
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Definition
Purine
Term
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Definition
Pyrimidine
Term
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Definition
Starch
Term
Organic Compound
Definition

Contains Carbon

In all living organisms

Term
Functional Group
Definition
Atoms covalently bonded to carbon
Term
Organisms consist mainly of...
Definition

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Term
Each carbon atom can bond with as many as ______ other atoms
Definition
4
Term
Functional-Group Transfer
Definition

One molecule gives up a functional group, which another molecule accepts

Term
Electron Transfer
Definition
One or more electrons stripped from one molecule are donated to another molecule
Term
Rearrangement
Definition

A juggling of its internal bonds converts one type of organic compound into another

Term
Condensation
Definition

Two molecules become covalently bonded into a larger molecule and water is a by-product

Term
Hydrolysis
Definition

Cleavage reaction that breaks covalent bonds and splis a molecule into two or more parts using water

Term
Polymer
Definition

A large molecule having three to millions of subunits

Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
  • Made of C, H, O
  • 1:2:1 ratio
  • 3 types: monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide
Term
Monosaccharide
Definition
  • One monomer of sugar, "simple sugar"
  • Most common have a 5 or 6 carbon ring
  • Ex: glucose, fructose
Term
Oligosaccharide
Definition
  • Two or more sugar monomers
  • Ex: sucrose = glucose + fructose
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
  • Many sugar monomers
  • Ex: cellulose, starch, glycogen
Term
Lipids
Definition
  • Also called fats
  • Nonpolar molecules
  • Made of C, H, O
  • Have more O than C and H
Term
Unsaturated Fat
Definition
  • Liquid at room temperature
  • Fatty acid tail contains one or more double bonds
Term
Saturated Fat
Definition
  • Solid at room temperature
  • Fatty acid tails only have single bonds
Term
6 Different Types of Proteins
Definition
  • Structural Proteins
  • Transport Proteins
  • Storage Proteins
  • Defense Proteins
  • Hormones
  • Enzymes
Term
Structural Protein
Definition

Build structure such as spider webs, bones, cartilage, feathers, butterfly wings, etc

Term
Transport Proteins
Definition

Move molecules across cell membranes and through body fluids

Term
Storage Proteins
Definition
Store chemicals and nutrients in such things as eggs, seeds, milk, etc
Term
Defense Proteins
Definition
  • Provide protection against foreign substances that enter animals
  • Ex: antibodies
Term
Hormones
Definition
Signals for change in cell activities
Term
Enzymes
Definition
  • Speed up chamical reactions
  • Lower activation energy
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
  • Building block of proteins
  • Made of carboxyl group, amino group and an R group
  • 20 different types
  • Join together by peptide bond
Term
Polypeptide Chain
Definition

Three or more amino acids bonded together making a protein

 

Term
Primary Structure
Definition
Straight Chain of amino acids
Term
Secondary Structure
Definition
  • A 3-D shape caused by bond between the amino and carboxyl group
  • Can be in the shape of an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
  • Ex: fibrous proteins - keratin, collagen, skin, bones, arteries
Term
Tertiary Structure
Definition
  • Formed from a bond between R groups
  • R groups pull toward middle
  • Ex: globular proteins
Term
Quaternary Structure
Definition
  • Two or more peptide chains held together by bonding among R groups and sulfur atoms
  • Ex: hemoglobin
Term
Denature
Definition
  • Breaking of bonds of a protein thus changing the shape so they will not function properly.
  • Sensitive to changes in pH and temperature
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
  • Made of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base
  • DNA and RNA is composed of nucleotides
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
  • An enzyme helper that moves electrons and hydrogen from one reaction site to another
  • Ex: NAD and FAD
Term
4 Nucleic Acids
Definition
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
Term
Adenine
Definition

Nitrogen Base

Double Ring (purine)

Term
Guanine
Definition

Nitrogen Base

Double Ring (purine)

Term
Thymine
Definition
  • Nitrogen Base
  • Single Ring (pyrimidine)
Term
Cytosine
Definition
  • Nitrogen Base
  • Single Ring (pyrimidine)
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