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AP Bio. Chapters 8-10
Flashcards for Mr. Richards' AP Biology Test over Chapters 8, 9, and 10
114
Biology
11th Grade
10/06/2012

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Term
What is metabolism?
Definition
the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
Term
What does metabolism manage?
Definition
the material and energy resources of the cell
Term
What is a catabolic pathway?
Definition
leads to the release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds
Term
What is an anabolic pathway?
Definition
consumes energy to build complicated molecules
Term
What is energy?
Definition
the capacity to do work
Term
What is kinetic energy?
Definition
the energy of movement
Term
What is potential energy?
Definition
the energy an object has when it is at rest and has stored energy as a result of its position or structure
Term
What is chemical energy?
Definition
a form of potential energy that is stored in molecules
Term
What is chemical energy dependent on?
Definition
the chemical bonds within the molecule
Term
What are thermodynamics?
Definition
the study of energy transformations that occur in matter
Term
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Definition
states that the energy of the universe is constant and that energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destoryed
Term
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Definition
states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy in the universe
Term
What is entropy?
Definition
the amount of disorder or randomness
Term
What are bioenergetics?
Definition
the study of how organisms manage their energy resources
Term
What is another name of the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Definition
the principle of conservation of energy
Term
How does energy enter an ecosystem?
Definition
as light energy
Term
How does energy leave an ecosystem?
Definition
through heat energy
Term
What tells us if the reaction occurs spontaneously?
Definition
the free energy
Term
What is free energy?
Definition
the part of a system's energy that is able to perform work when the temperature of a system is uniform
Term
What is an exergonic reaction?
Definition
one in which energy is released, occurs spontaneously,and releases free energy into a system
Term
What is an endergonic reaction?
Definition
one that requires energy in order to proceed, absorbs free energy, they require free enrgy from the system
Term
How does ATP power cellular work?
Definition
by coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions
Term
What is energy coupling?
Definition
the use of exergonic processes to drive an endergonic one
Term
What is the primary source of energy for cells in energy coupling?
Definition
ATP
Term
What is ATP made out of?
Definition
nitrogenous base adenine, bonded to ribose, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups
Term
When is energy released in an exergonic reaction?
Definition
when a phosphate group is hydrolized
Term
When does ATP become ADP?
Definition
when ATP transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis
Term
What are catalysts?
Definition
substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered in the process
Term
What are enzymes?
Definition
macromolecules that are biological catalysts
Term
What is activation energy?
Definition
the amount of energy it takes to start a reaction
Term
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
Definition
by lowering the activation energy
Term
What is a substrate?
Definition
the reactant that the enzyme acts on
Term
What is the defining feature of life?
Definition
that metabolism is never at equilibruim
Term
What is the active site?
Definition
the apart of the enzyme that binds to the substrate
Term
What is an enzyme-substrate complex?
Definition
the complex that is formed by an enzyme and substrate that is generally held together by weak interactions
Term
What are the products?
Definition
the thing that the substrate is converted into and are released from the enzyme
Term
What are some factors that change or affect enzymes?
Definition
changes in pH and temperature
Term
What are cofactors?
Definition
nonprotein helpers that allow the enzyme to function properly
Term
What is a coenzymes?
Definition
an organic cofactor such as vitamins
Term
What are competitive inhibitors?
Definition
reversible inhibitors that combete with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme
Term
What gives the competitive inhibitor the ability to compete for the active site?
Definition
because they are often chemically similar to the normal substrate
Term
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
Definition
an inhibitor that does not directly compete with the substrate molecule; instead, they bind to another spot
Term
How does a noncompetitive inhitor work?
Definition
it binds to an allosteric site and causes the enzyme to change its shape
Term
What helps control metabolism?
Definition
regulation of enzyme activity
Term
What is an allosteric site?
Definition
a site that is a specific binding site, but not the active site
Term
What is feedback inhibition?
Definition
the process where an end product on an enzymatic pathway can switch its pathway off by binding to the allosteric site of an enzyme in the pathway
Term
When does feedback inhibition occur and what does it do?
Definition
it increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off when the end product accumulates in the cell
Term
What are the 2 types of catabolism?
Definition
Fermentation and Cellular Respiration
Term
How do catabolic pathways release energy?
Definition
by oxidizing organic fuel
Term
What is fermentation?
Definition
the partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen
Term
What is cellular respiration?
Definition
the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
Term
What is another name for cellular respiration?
Definition
aerobic respiration
Term
What is the formula for celluar respiration?
Definition
C6H12O6 +6 O2 = 6CO2+6 H2O+Energy
Term
What is oxidation-reduction reaction?
Definition
reactions in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another
Term
What is another name for oxidation-reduction reactions?
Definition
Redox reactions
Term
What is oxidation?
Definition
the loss of one or more electrons from a reactant
Term
What happens when a reactant is oxidized?
Definition
it loses electrons and energy
Term
What is reduction?
Definition
the gain of one or more electrons
Term
What happens when a reactant is reduced?
Definition
it gains electrons and energy
Term
What is glycolysis?
Definition
breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Term
What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
Definition
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
What is the Citric Acid Cycle?
Definition
completes the energy-yielding oxidation of oraganic molecules
Term
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition
accounts for most of the ATP synthesis
Term
When does cellular respiration go to the citric acid cycle?
Definition
when oxygen is present
Term
Where do the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Definition
in the mitochondria
Term
What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition
chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
Term
What are the 2 parts of oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Term
What happens in electron transport chain?
Definition
electron transport and pumping of protons(H+) which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
Term
What heppens in Chemiosmosis?
Definition
ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane
Term
What does ATP synthase do?
Definition
it phosphorylates ADP forming ATP
Term
What is the proton motive force?
Definition
the gradient of hydrogen ions
Term
Why is the proton motive force in place?
Definition
because the inner membraneof the mitochondira is impermeable to hydrogen ions
Term
What is chemiosmosis?
Definition
an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work
Term
What does fermentation enable some cells to do?
Definition
produce ATP without the use of oxygen
Term
What is anaerobic respiration?
Definition
respiration that occurs without oxygen
Term
What are the 2 types of anaerobic fermentation?
Definition
alcohol and lactic acid
Term
What is alcohol fermentation?
Definition
where pyruvate is converted to ethanol, releasing carbon dioxide and oxidizing NADH in the process to create more NAD+
Term
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Definition
where pyruvate is reduced by NADH, and lactate is formed as a waste product
Term
What are facultative anaerobes?
Definition
organisms that can make ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but that can switch to fermentation under anaerobic conditions
Term
What is biosynthesis?
Definition
the building of macromolecules through anabolic pathways
Term
What do obligate anaerobes do?
Definition
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
Term
What are facultative anaerobes?
Definition
they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
Term
What are autotrophs?
Definition
organisms that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
Term
What is another name for autotrophs?
Definition
producers
Term
What are Heterotrophs?
Definition
organisms that live on compounds produced by other organisms
Term
Whaqt is another name for heterotrophs?
Definition
consumers
Term
What are chloroplasts?
Definition
specific sites of photosynthesis in plant cells
Term
What is chlorophyll?
Definition
the green pigment within chloroplasts
Term
What does chlorophyll absorb?
Definition
light energy
Term
What are stomata?
Definition
micorscoic pores where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits
Term
Where are the chloroplasts found?
Definition
in the mesophyll tissue
Term
What is the stroma?
Definition
the dnse fluidfilled area
Term
What are thylakoids?
Definition
interconnected membranous sacs
Term
Where is chlorophyll located?
Definition
in the thylakod membreanes
Term
What part of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid?
Definition
the light reactions/ light dependent stage
Term
What happens in the light reaction/dependet stage?
Definition
light energy is converted into chemical energy
Term
What are the products of the light dependent stage?
Definition
NADPH, ATP, and oxygen
Term
What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?
Definition
the light dependent stage and the light independent stage
Term
What another name for the light independent stage?
Definition
the Calvin cycle
Term
What are pigments?
Definition
substances that absorb light wavelengths
Term
What is the absorption spectrum?
Definition
a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength
Term
What is an action spectrum?
Definition
a graph of the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving the procss of phtosynthesis
Term
Where is chlorophyll a located?
Definition
in phtosystem 1
Term
What photosystem occurs first?
Definition
photosystem 2
Term
Which photosystem acutally produces NADPH?
Definition
photosystem 1
Term
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
Definition
to put together sugar from the ATP that was produced
Term
What are C4 plants?
Definition
minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds in mesophll cells
Term
What do CAM plants do?
Definition
they open their stomata at night incorporating carbon dioxide into organic acids
Term
What is photorespiration?
Definition
when the enzyme rubisco binds oxygen in place of carbon dioxide resulting into a loss of energy and carbon
Term
What does oxidation do?
Definition
it removes the hydrogen
Term
What is phosphorlate mean?
Definition
to add a phosphate
Term
What is the most common oxidation agent?
Definition
oxygen
Term
What are inorganic cofactors?
Definition
minerals
Term
What is the strongest oxidizer that scientists know of?
Definition
P680
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