Term
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Definition
| the totality of an organism's chemical reactions |
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Term
| What does metabolism manage? |
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Definition
| the material and energy resources of the cell |
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Term
| What is a catabolic pathway? |
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Definition
| leads to the release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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Term
| What is an anabolic pathway? |
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Definition
| consumes energy to build complicated molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is potential energy? |
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Definition
| the energy an object has when it is at rest and has stored energy as a result of its position or structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of potential energy that is stored in molecules |
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Term
| What is chemical energy dependent on? |
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Definition
| the chemical bonds within the molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of energy transformations that occur in matter |
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Term
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| states that the energy of the universe is constant and that energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destoryed |
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Term
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy in the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of disorder or randomness |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how organisms manage their energy resources |
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Term
| What is another name of the 1st law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| the principle of conservation of energy |
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Term
| How does energy enter an ecosystem? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does energy leave an ecosystem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tells us if the reaction occurs spontaneously? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a system's energy that is able to perform work when the temperature of a system is uniform |
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Term
| What is an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| one in which energy is released, occurs spontaneously,and releases free energy into a system |
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Term
| What is an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| one that requires energy in order to proceed, absorbs free energy, they require free enrgy from the system |
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Term
| How does ATP power cellular work? |
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Definition
| by coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of exergonic processes to drive an endergonic one |
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Term
| What is the primary source of energy for cells in energy coupling? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base adenine, bonded to ribose, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups |
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Term
| When is energy released in an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| when a phosphate group is hydrolized |
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Term
| When does ATP become ADP? |
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Definition
| when ATP transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered in the process |
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecules that are biological catalysts |
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Term
| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
| the amount of energy it takes to start a reaction |
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Term
| How do enzymes speed up reactions? |
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Definition
| by lowering the activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the reactant that the enzyme acts on |
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Term
| What is the defining feature of life? |
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Definition
| that metabolism is never at equilibruim |
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Term
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Definition
| the apart of the enzyme that binds to the substrate |
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Term
| What is an enzyme-substrate complex? |
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Definition
| the complex that is formed by an enzyme and substrate that is generally held together by weak interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the thing that the substrate is converted into and are released from the enzyme |
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Term
| What are some factors that change or affect enzymes? |
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Definition
| changes in pH and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprotein helpers that allow the enzyme to function properly |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic cofactor such as vitamins |
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Term
| What are competitive inhibitors? |
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Definition
| reversible inhibitors that combete with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme |
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Term
| What gives the competitive inhibitor the ability to compete for the active site? |
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Definition
| because they are often chemically similar to the normal substrate |
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Term
| What is a noncompetitive inhibitor? |
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Definition
| an inhibitor that does not directly compete with the substrate molecule; instead, they bind to another spot |
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Term
| How does a noncompetitive inhitor work? |
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Definition
| it binds to an allosteric site and causes the enzyme to change its shape |
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Term
| What helps control metabolism? |
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Definition
| regulation of enzyme activity |
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Term
| What is an allosteric site? |
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Definition
| a site that is a specific binding site, but not the active site |
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Term
| What is feedback inhibition? |
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Definition
| the process where an end product on an enzymatic pathway can switch its pathway off by binding to the allosteric site of an enzyme in the pathway |
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Term
| When does feedback inhibition occur and what does it do? |
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Definition
| it increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off when the end product accumulates in the cell |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of catabolism? |
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Definition
| Fermentation and Cellular Respiration |
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Term
| How do catabolic pathways release energy? |
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Definition
| by oxidizing organic fuel |
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Term
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Definition
| the partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen |
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Term
| What is cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
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Term
| What is another name for cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for celluar respiration? |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 +6 O2 = 6CO2+6 H2O+Energy |
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Term
| What is oxidation-reduction reaction? |
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Definition
| reactions in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another |
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Term
| What is another name for oxidation-reduction reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of one or more electrons from a reactant |
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Term
| What happens when a reactant is oxidized? |
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Definition
| it loses electrons and energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the gain of one or more electrons |
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Term
| What happens when a reactant is reduced? |
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Definition
| it gains electrons and energy |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| What is the Citric Acid Cycle? |
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Definition
| completes the energy-yielding oxidation of oraganic molecules |
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| accounts for most of the ATP synthesis |
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Term
| When does cellular respiration go to the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis |
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Term
| What are the 2 parts of oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
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Term
| What happens in electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| electron transport and pumping of protons(H+) which create an H+ gradient across the membrane |
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Term
| What heppens in Chemiosmosis? |
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Definition
| ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane |
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Term
| What does ATP synthase do? |
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Definition
| it phosphorylates ADP forming ATP |
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Term
| What is the proton motive force? |
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Definition
| the gradient of hydrogen ions |
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Term
| Why is the proton motive force in place? |
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Definition
| because the inner membraneof the mitochondira is impermeable to hydrogen ions |
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Term
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Definition
| an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work |
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Term
| What does fermentation enable some cells to do? |
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Definition
| produce ATP without the use of oxygen |
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Term
| What is anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| respiration that occurs without oxygen |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of anaerobic fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is alcohol fermentation? |
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Definition
| where pyruvate is converted to ethanol, releasing carbon dioxide and oxidizing NADH in the process to create more NAD+ |
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Term
| What is lactic acid fermentation? |
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Definition
| where pyruvate is reduced by NADH, and lactate is formed as a waste product |
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Term
| What are facultative anaerobes? |
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Definition
| organisms that can make ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but that can switch to fermentation under anaerobic conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the building of macromolecules through anabolic pathways |
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Term
| What do obligate anaerobes do? |
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Definition
| carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
| What are facultative anaerobes? |
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Definition
| they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms |
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Term
| What is another name for autotrophs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that live on compounds produced by other organisms |
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Term
| Whaqt is another name for heterotrophs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specific sites of photosynthesis in plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the green pigment within chloroplasts |
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Term
| What does chlorophyll absorb? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| micorscoic pores where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits |
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Term
| Where are the chloroplasts found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the dnse fluidfilled area |
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Term
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Definition
| interconnected membranous sacs |
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Term
| Where is chlorophyll located? |
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Definition
| in the thylakod membreanes |
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Term
| What part of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid? |
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Definition
| the light reactions/ light dependent stage |
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Term
| What happens in the light reaction/dependet stage? |
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Definition
| light energy is converted into chemical energy |
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Term
| What are the products of the light dependent stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| the light dependent stage and the light independent stage |
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Term
| What another name for the light independent stage? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substances that absorb light wavelengths |
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Term
| What is the absorption spectrum? |
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Definition
| a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength |
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Term
| What is an action spectrum? |
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Definition
| a graph of the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving the procss of phtosynthesis |
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Term
| Where is chlorophyll a located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What photosystem occurs first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which photosystem acutally produces NADPH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle? |
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Definition
| to put together sugar from the ATP that was produced |
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Term
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Definition
| minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds in mesophll cells |
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Term
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Definition
| they open their stomata at night incorporating carbon dioxide into organic acids |
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Term
| What is photorespiration? |
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Definition
| when the enzyme rubisco binds oxygen in place of carbon dioxide resulting into a loss of energy and carbon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is phosphorlate mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common oxidation agent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are inorganic cofactors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the strongest oxidizer that scientists know of? |
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Definition
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