Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data |
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Term
| What is the Human Genome Project? |
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Definition
| made to completely sequence all human DNA started in 1990 and completed in 2003 |
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Definition
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| What is the physical mapping? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the transposon that uses reverse transcriptase |
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Term
| How do eveolutionists interpret the situation where fewer organisms have a certain commonality? |
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Definition
| they are said to have evolved later in time |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic study of all proteins encoded by a genome |
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Term
| The number genes is not correlated to what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the number of genes in a given length of DNA |
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Term
| What kind of DNA is commonly found in eukaryotic genomes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| former genes that have accumulated mutations and are nonfunctional |
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Definition
| DNA that is present in multiple copies in the genome; about 3/4 of repetitive DNA is made up of transposable elements and sequences related to them |
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Definition
| a transposable element that moves within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate |
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Term
| What type of organism has the smallest haploid genome size? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Domain is a little bigger than Bacteria? |
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Definition
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| What is the Domain with the largest Haploid Genome size and has the most genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is simple sequence DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA that contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences |
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Term
| What is a short tandem repeat? |
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Definition
| series of repeating units of 2 to 5 nucleotides |
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Term
| What are multigene families? |
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Definition
| collections of identical or very similar genes |
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| What contributes to genome evolution? |
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Definition
| duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the evolution of developmental processes in multicellular organisms |
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Definition
| genes that code for a domain that allows a protein to bind to DNA and to function as a transcription regulator |
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Definition
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Definition
| speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe |
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Term
| What word did Darwin never use in his book THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pattern and process that we now define as evolution did Darwin believe in? |
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Definition
| descent with modification |
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| What was Linnaeus famous for? |
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Definition
| the classification system |
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| What is descent with modification? |
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Definition
| the view that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past |
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Definition
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| What evolves because of natural selection? |
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Definition
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| Do individuals evolve because of natural selection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are homologous structures? |
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Definition
| structures that are similar or have the same function throughout different species |
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Definition
| means where in an evolutionary tree, one species becomes different but has the same common ancestor but adapts differently from other organisms |
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Definition
| development of the same characteristics that converged but do not have the same ancestor |
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Term
| What is convergent evolution? |
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Definition
| the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups |
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Definition
| a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
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Term
| What are two processes that produce a variation in gene pools that contribute to differences among individuals? |
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Definition
| mutations and sexual reproduction |
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Term
| What are discrete characters? |
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Definition
| characteristics that can be classified as either-or-basis |
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Definition
| where organisms share characteristics because of common descent |
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| What is convergent evolution? |
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Definition
| natural selection affects independently evolving species in similar environments in similar ways |
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Definition
| the geographic distribution of organisms that is consistent with the evolutionary theory |
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Term
| What are quantitative characters? |
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Definition
| characteristics that vary along a continuam in the population |
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Term
| What is average heterozygosity? |
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Definition
| measures the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population |
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Term
| What effect does heterzygosity have on genetic variation? |
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Definition
| the more heterozygosity in a population, the more genetic variation that takes place |
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Term
| What is nonheritable variation? |
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Definition
| phenotype that is the product of an inherited genotype and many environmental influences |
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Definition
| localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
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Definition
| all of the alleles for a loci in a population |
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Term
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle used for? |
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Definition
| to determine if a population is evolving |
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Term
| What 5 things have to be true in order for a population to not be evolving according to the Hardy-Weinbergy Principle? |
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Definition
1. No mutations
2. Random mating
3. No natural selection
4. Extremely large population size
5. No geneflow |
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Term
| Can populations still evolve but be in equilibrium in the Hardy-Weinbergy Principle? |
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Definition
| Yes, natural populations can evolve at some loci while still being in the H-W principle if the evolved loci is not involved in the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| if all individuals in a population are homozygous for the same allele |
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Term
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle? |
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Definition
| states that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation |
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Term
| What are 3 major factors that alter allele frequencies? |
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Definition
1. Natural Selection
2. Genetic Drift
3. Gene Flow |
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Term
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Definition
| describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next; tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles |
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Definition
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| What is the founder effect? |
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Definition
| occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population; allele frequencies in the small founder population can be different from those in the larger parent population |
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Term
| What is the bottleneck effect? |
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Definition
| is a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment; the resulting gene pool may no longer be reflective of the original population's gene pool |
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Term
| What are the effects of Genetic Drift? |
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Definition
1. Significant in small populations
2. causes allele frequencies to change
3. can lead to loss of genetic variation within populations
4. can cause harmful alleles to become fixed |
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Term
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Definition
| the origin of a new species |
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Term
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Definition
consists of adaptions that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool
-same species |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to evolutionary change above the species level |
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Term
| What is reproductive isolation? |
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Definition
| the existence of biological factors that impede members of 2 species from producing offspring |
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Term
| What are the 5 reasons for Prezygotic barriers? |
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Definition
1. Habitat Isolation
2. Temporal Isolation
3. Behavioral Isolation
4. Mechanical Isolation
5. Gametic Isolation |
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Term
| What are the 3 Postzygotic Barriers? |
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Definition
1. Reduced Hybrid Viability
2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility
3. Hybrid Breakdown |
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Term
| What is allopatric speciation? |
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Definition
| separation of a species into two groups that become isolated |
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Term
| What is sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
| become a different species even though they are in the same environment |
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Term
| What is relative fitness? |
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Definition
| the contribution an individual make to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals |
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Term
| Why is adaptive evolution a continuous process? |
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Definition
| because the environment can change |
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Term
| What is sexual selection? |
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Definition
| natural selection for mating process |
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Term
| What is intrasexual selection? |
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Definition
| competition among individuals of one sex(often males) for mates of the opposite sex |
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Term
| What is Intersexual selection? |
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Definition
| often called mate choice, occurs when individuals of one sex(usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates |
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Term
| What is heterozygote advantage? |
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Definition
| occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than either homozygotes |
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Term
| What is frequency-dependent selection? |
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Definition
| the fitnes of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population |
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| What is the biological species concept? |
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Definition
| states that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other populations |
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| What does gene flow between populations hold together? |
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Definition
| phenotype of the population |
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Term
| What is the morphological species concept? |
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Definition
| defines a species by structural features; applies to sexual and asexual species but relies on subjective criteria |
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Term
| What is the ecological species concept? |
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Definition
| concept that views a species in terms of its ecological niche. It appli8es to sexual and asexual species and emphasizes the role of disruptive selection |
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Term
| What is phylogenetic species concept? |
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Definition
| defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree; applies to sexual and asexual species, but can be difficult to determine the degree of difference required for separate species |
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| What are the 2 types of speciation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does sympatric speciation in plants result in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species |
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Term
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Definition
| a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids |
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Term
| What are the 3 outcomes when closely related species meet in a hybrid zone? |
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Definition
1. strengthening of reproductive barriers
2. Weakening of reproductive barriers
3. continued formation of hybrid individuals |
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Term
| What kind of pattern does speciation occur in? |
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Definition
| punctuated pattern or gradual pattern |
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Term
| When do evolutionists believe that the earth came in to being? |
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Definition
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Term
| What existed 4.5 billion years ago? |
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Definition
| The atmosphere made up of methane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrigen, and Hydrogen |
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Term
| What happened to all of these gases? |
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Definition
| they were heated, then when they cooled, water vapor was formed and cooled and made the oceans |
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Term
| 4.5 billion years ago, what was the only kind of molecules that existed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened to the inorganic molecules? |
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Definition
| lightning struck and they formed amino acids |
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Term
| Whose experiments proved that amino acids could be produced by the way that evolutionists believe, but not nucleotides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What have amino acids formed in? |
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Definition
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| What did the amino acids still need after they had been formed from lightning? |
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Definition
| metabolism and replication mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane like structure |
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Term
| What do scientists use to prove evolution after the process of the beginning of life? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. 5 billion years ago, stromatolites foremd. What are stromatolites? |
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Definition
| layers of rock layed down by prokaryotes (thin film of sediment) |
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Term
| 2. 7 billion years ago, what was said to have evolved to produce Oxygen in water and atmosphere? |
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Definition
| photosynthetic cyanobacteria |
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Term
| 2.1 billion years ago, Eukaryotes with endosymbiosis are said to have split into what? |
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Definition
| those with mitochondria only and those with plastids(chloroplasts) and mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| the process where a prokaryotic cell ate another prokaryotic cell that was photosynthetic. The photosynthetic cell didn't get digested, but lived inside the other cell which let it evolve into a eukaryotic cell |
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Term
| 1.5 billion years ago what was developed from eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| multicellular euakaryotes |
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Term
| 535 million years ago, what caused large skeletal animals to develop increasing diversity? |
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Definition
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| What happened 500 million years ago? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three things that effected how life evolved? |
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Definition
1. Adaptive Radiations
2. Mass Extinctions
3. Continental Drift |
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Term
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Definition
| rock-like structures composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment |
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Term
| What is the geologic record divided into? |
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Definition
1. Archaean
2. Proterozoic
3. Phanerozoic |
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Term
| What is the Cambrian Explosion? |
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Definition
| refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla in the Cambrian period; provides the first evidence of predator-prey interactions |
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Term
| What is adaptive radiation? |
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Definition
| the evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
| an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events; can have a significant impact on body shape; can alter the timing of reproductive development relative to the development of nonreproductive organs |
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Definition
| the rate of reproductive development accelerates compared with somatic development; sexually mature species may retain body features that were juvinile structures in an ancestral species |
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Definition
| genes that determine where basic features such as where wings and legs of a bird will develop of how a flower's parts are arranged |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that determine the development of appendages such as arms and legs |
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Term
| What is evolution not caused by? |
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Definition
| goal orientation; an organism thinking of evolving in order to adapt |
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Term
| What is not thought directed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Radiometric Dating? |
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Definition
| using the amounts of a radioactive element in a fossil to determine how old it is by comparing the amount of radioactive element to the amount of daughter isotopes that it decays to |
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