Term
|
Definition
| the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the specific cellular response to the signal molecule |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cellular communication is essential for multicellular organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a signal transduction pathway? |
|
Definition
| is a series of steps where a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response |
|
|
Term
| What do pathway similarities suggest? |
|
Definition
| according to evolutionists, they suggest that ancestral signaling molecules developed into prokaryotes which later developed into eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| What are local regulators? |
|
Definition
| messenger molecules that travel only short distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals in plants and animals that are used to send long-distance signals |
|
|
Term
| How do cells in a multicellular organism communicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cell junctions in animals and plants do? |
|
Definition
| directly connet the cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of local signaling? |
|
Definition
| direct contact or cell-cell recognition |
|
|
Term
| Who discovered how the hormone epinephrine acts on cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three processes that cells go through to receive signals? |
|
Definition
| Reception, Transduction, and Response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the binding between a signal molecule and a receptor like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is often the initial transduction of the signal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are most signal receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of signal molecules bind to specific sites on receptor proteins in the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main types of membrane receptors? |
|
Definition
G-protein-coupled receptors
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Ion channel receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is a G protein-coupled receptor? |
|
Definition
| a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein |
|
|
Term
| What does a G protein do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes the G protein inactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a receptor tyrosine kinases? |
|
Definition
| membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines |
|
|
Term
| What can a receptor tyrosine kinases do? |
|
Definition
| trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once |
|
|
Term
| What is a ligand-gate ion channel? |
|
Definition
| a channel protein that stays open or closed and only changes when a ligand is detected; only allows specific ions through a channel in the receptor |
|
|
Term
| What kind of messengers can readily cross the membrane and activate receptors? |
|
Definition
| small or hydorphobic chemical messengers |
|
|
Term
| What are intracellular receptors? |
|
Definition
| receptors that are found inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm or nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What do plasma membrane receptors bind to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfers phosphates from ATP to protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process where ATP is converted into a protein |
|
|
Term
| What does a phosphorylation cascade do? |
|
Definition
| greatly enhances the signal and allows a large cellular response |
|
|
Term
| What is protein phosphatases? |
|
Definition
| things that remove phosphates from proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is dephosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| the process of phosphates being removed from proteins |
|
|
Term
| What do phosphorylation and dephosphorylation act as? |
|
Definition
| a molecular switch to turn activities on or off |
|
|
Term
| What signal molecule is referred to as the first messenger? |
|
Definition
| the extracellular signal molecule that binds to the receptor |
|
|
Term
| What is a second messenger? |
|
Definition
| small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions |
|
|
Term
| How do second messengers spread throughout the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathways are second messengers found on? |
|
Definition
| ones initiated by G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases |
|
|
Term
| What are two common second messengers? |
|
Definition
| Cyclic AMP and calcium ions |
|
|
Term
| Why is calcium an important second messenger? |
|
Definition
| because cells can regulatea its concentration |
|
|
Term
| How do signaling pathways regulate the synthesis of enzyme or other proteins? |
|
Definition
| by turning genes on or off in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What are two important benefits that multistep pathways have? |
|
Definition
1. amplifying the signal=response
2. Contributing to the specificity of the response |
|
|
Term
| What are scaffolding proteins? |
|
Definition
| large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached |
|
|
Term
| What does the final activation molecule often act as? |
|
Definition
| as a transcription factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programmed or controlled cell suicide |
|
|
Term
| Why is apoptosis important in embryonic development? |
|
Definition
| because it helps shape an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that cut up proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the main protease that carries out apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 things that can trigger apoptosis? |
|
Definition
1. extracellular death-signaling ligand
2. DNA damage in the nucleus
3. Protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| What is the major difthe effect of G Protein-coupled receptors and Receptor tyrosine kinases? |
|
Definition
| G-Protein C. R. can only cause one response at a time while Receptor T. K. can produce a bumch of signals/responses at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any enzyme that causes phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any enzyme that breaks apart a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any enzyme that breaks down nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in the G Protein-coupled receptors? |
|
Definition
| a G-Protein receives a ligand and becomes activated. It phosphorates a GDP to a GTP which then activates an enzyme. The enzyme then hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and the process begins again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a divided parent cll until its own division into two cells |
|
|
Term
| Why do multicelluar organisms depend on cell division? |
|
Definition
1. development from a fertilized cel
2. Growth
3. Repair
4. Asexual Reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reproduction of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the packages of DNA molecules in a cell |
|
|
Term
| What does mitosis result in? |
|
Definition
| 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the formation of gamets (or spores) |
|
|
Term
| Where does mitosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does meiosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that have two sets of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is a cell that has two sets of chromosomes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive cells:sperm and eggs |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells are gametes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex DNA and protein that condenses during cell division |
|
|
Term
| How many times does DNA replicate in Mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times does DNA replicate in meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times does the cell split in mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times does the cell split in meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chromosome number for mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chromosome number for meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the homologous pairs line up |
|
|
Term
| Why does synapsis occur in mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does crossing over and synapsis occur in meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the same as cytokinesis, where the cell splits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if there is not a cell next to cell A, cell A will reproduce another cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of local signaling? |
|
Definition
Gap junctions
Cell junctions
Cell-Cell Recognition |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step before mitosis can begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sister chromatids? |
|
Definition
| duplicated chromosomes that separate during cell division |
|
|
Term
| What does Mitosis divide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cytokinesis divide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of gametes does meiosis produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who developed dypes to observe chromosomes during mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major phases? |
|
Definition
| Mitotic Phase and Interphase |
|
|
Term
| How is interphase divided up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in interphase? |
|
Definition
| cell growth and the copying of chromosomes to prepare for cell division |
|
|
Term
| What part of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the Mitotic stage divided? |
|
Definition
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if there is not a cell next to cell A, cell A will reproduce another cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of local signaling? |
|
Definition
Gap junctions
Cell junctions
Cell-Cell Recognition |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step before mitosis can begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sister chromatids? |
|
Definition
| duplicated chromosomes that separate during cell division |
|
|
Term
| What does Mitosis divide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cytokinesis divide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of gametes does meiosis produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who developed dypes to observe chromosomes during mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major phases? |
|
Definition
| Mitotic Phase and Interphase |
|
|
Term
| How is interphase divided up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in interphase? |
|
Definition
| cell growth and the copying of chromosomes to prepare for cell division |
|
|
Term
| What part of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the Mitotic stage divided? |
|
Definition
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubules that control chromsome movement during mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What happens during prophase in mitosis? |
|
Definition
1. spindle fibers being to assemble at the centrosomes
2. chromosomes line up into sister chromatids
3. the nuclear envelope begins to disolve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome |
|
|
Term
| What happens at metaphase? |
|
Definition
| the chromosomes are all lined up at the metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
| What is the metaphase plate? |
|
Definition
| the midway point between the spindle's two poles |
|
|
Term
| What happens during anaphase? |
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
Term
| How do microtubules shorten themselves? |
|
Definition
| by depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the spindle fibers attach to the chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What happens in telophase? |
|
Definition
| genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What happens in cytokinesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cleavage in mitosis? |
|
Definition
| the division of the cell/the imaginary line that the cell divides along |
|
|
Term
| How do plant cells carry out cytokinesis? |
|
Definition
| a cell plate forms between the two daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| How do prokaryotes reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in binary fission? |
|
Definition
| the chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the chromosomes in binary fission and the ones in mitosis/meiosis? |
|
Definition
| the ones in mitosis/meiosis are lines while the ones in binary fission are circles |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of replication? |
|
Definition
| the point at which the circular chromosome starts to replicate itself |
|
|
Term
| What is the frequency of cell division dependent on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drives the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
| specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What is the cell cycle control system? |
|
Definition
| the thing that directs the sequential events of the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
| What regulate sthe cell cycle control system? |
|
Definition
| internal and external controls |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of regulatory proteins? |
|
Definition
| cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases |
|
|
Term
| What is MDF (maturation-promoting factor |
|
Definition
| is a cylin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell's passage past to the G2 checkpoint into the Mphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins released by certain cerlls that stimulate other cells to divide |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of external signals where crowxded cells must stop dividing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is anchorage dependence? |
|
Definition
| must be attached to a sunstratum in order to divide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of abnormal cells that remain at the original site |
|
|
Term
| What are malignant tumors? |
|
Definition
| tumors that invade other surrounding tissues and can metastasize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of heredity and variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the differences in appearance that ofspring show from parents and siblings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes passed to the next generation through reproductive cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the specific location of genes on a certain chromosome |
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are inherited from each parent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| where one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent |
|
|
Term
| What is sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism |
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes do humans have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How may pairs of chromosomes do humans have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell |
|
|
Term
| What are homologous pairs? |
|
Definition
| two chromosomes in each pair |
|
|
Term
| What makes chromosomes homologous pairs? |
|
Definition
| they are the same length and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters, with the exception of the sex determing chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What cells in humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sex chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| the X and Y chromosomes that determine the gender of the offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 22 pairs of chromosomes taht do not determine the gender |
|
|
Term
| Where do the chromosomes from the homologous pairs come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does each set of replicated chromosomes have? |
|
Definition
| two identical sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fertilized egg that has one set of chromosomes from each parent |
|
|
Term
| What are the only type of human cells produced by meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does meiosis result in? |
|
Definition
| one set of chromosomes in each gamete |
|
|
Term
| What is the alternation of generations? |
|
Definition
| in plants and some algae where the life cycle includes both a diploid and haploid multicellular stage |
|
|
Term
| What is a diploid organism that produces spores called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the haploid organism that is produced from a spore called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a gametophyte make gametes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only cells that can go through meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens before meiosis? |
|
Definition
| the replication of chromosomes? |
|
|
Term
| What is the main thing that happens in meiosis one? |
|
Definition
| the homologous chromosomes separate |
|
|
Term
| What is the process where the 2 haploid daughter cells formed in meiosis 1 called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in meiosis 2? |
|
Definition
| the sister chromatids separate |
|
|
Term
| How many gametes does meiosis 2 form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process where the 4 gametes with unreplicated chromosomes are formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the sister chromatids joined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during prophase 1 in meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. Chromosomes begin to condense
2. homologous chromosomes pair up
3. crossing over takes place
4. Chiasmata form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where non sister chromatids exchange information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred |
|
|
Term
| What happens in metaphase 1 in meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. homologous pairs line up
2. Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores |
|
|
Term
| What happens in anaphase 1 in meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. pairs of homologous chromosomes separate
2. Sister chromatids remain attacted and move towards one pole |
|
|
Term
| What happens in Telophase 1 and cytokinesis in meiosis? |
|
Definition
| The cell is divided into two cells that still have the chromosomes paired into sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
| What happens in prophase 2 in meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. spindle fibers form
2. sister chromatids are still likined |
|
|
Term
| What happens in metaphase 2 in meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell
2. spindle fibers connect to the kinectochores |
|
|
Term
| Why aren't the sister chromatids in meiosis 2 not identical? |
|
Definition
| because of crossing over in meiosis 1 |
|
|
Term
| What happens in anaphase 2 in meiosis? |
|
Definition
| the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles |
|
|
Term
| What happens in telophasea 2 and cytokinesis in meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. the chromosomes arrive at the poles
2. the nuclei begin to form
3. chromosomes begin to condense
4. cytoplasm is separated |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of meiosis? |
|
Definition
| 4 haploid cells called gametes |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the ability of sister chromatids to stay together using sister chromatid cohesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in the organism's DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different versions of the genes |
|
|
Term
| What contribute to genetic variation? |
|
Definition
1. independent assortment of chromosomes
2. crossing over
3. random fertilization
4. alternate versions of genes (alleles) |
|
|
Term
| What are recombinant chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| a chromosome created when corssoing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What is random fertilization? |
|
Definition
| the ability for any sperm to fertilize any ovum |
|
|
Term
| What is the blending hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together |
|
|
Term
| What is the particulate hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| the idea that parents pass on discrete genes |
|
|
Term
| What hypothesis did Mendel document during his experiment? |
|
Definition
| the particulate hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Who is the father of genetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distinct heritable features |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detectable variant in a genetic character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when plants produce the same variety when they self-pollunate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you mate a homologous dominant with a homologous recessive |
|
|
Term
| What is the P generation? |
|
Definition
| the parents that are homologous |
|
|
Term
| What is the F1 generation? |
|
Definition
| the hybrid offspring of the P generation |
|
|
Term
| What is the F2 generation? |
|
Definition
| the offspring of 2 F1 generation organisms |
|
|
Term
| What is Mendel's first concept of genetics? |
|
Definition
| that alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters |
|
|
Term
| What is Mendel's second concept of genetics? |
|
Definition
| for each character an organism inherits two allele, one from each parent |
|
|
Term
| What is the dominant allele? |
|
Definition
| the allele that is expressed in a heterozygous organism |
|
|
Term
| What is the recessive allele? |
|
Definition
| the charateristic that is only expressed when it is homologous |
|
|
Term
| What is Mendel's third concept of genetics? |
|
Definition
| if 2 alleles differ, then the dominant allele determines the organism's appearance and the recessive allele has no effect on apppearance |
|
|
Term
| What is Mendel's fourth concept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Law of segregation? |
|
Definition
| states that the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
|
|
Term
| What is a punnett square? |
|
Definition
| a diagram for predicting the result of a genetic cross between individuals of known genetic makeup |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for an organism to be homozygous? |
|
Definition
| that the organism has two identical alleles for a character |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for an organism to be heterozygous? |
|
Definition
| an organism that has two different alleles for a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals that are heterzygous for one character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals that are heterzygous for both characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What is the Law of independent assortment? |
|
Definition
| states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation |
|
|
Term
| What genes does the Law of Independent Assortment apply to? |
|
Definition
| the genes on different non homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the Multiplication Rule? |
|
Definition
| states that the probability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities |
|
|
Term
| What is the Addition Rule? |
|
Definition
| states that the probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities |
|
|
Term
| How can inheritance of characters by a single gene deviate? |
|
Definition
1. Alleles are not completely dominant or recessive
2. Gene has more that two alleles
3. Gene produces multiple phenotypes |
|
|
Term
| What is complete dominance? |
|
Definition
| occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical |
|
|
Term
| What is incomplete dominance? |
|
Definition
| the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the homologous pairs combine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one gene has more than one phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a gene at one locus alters the phnotypic expression of a gene at a second locus |
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Term
| What is a polygenic inheritance? |
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Definition
| an additive effect of two or more genes on a singe phenotype |
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Term
| What is norm of reaction? |
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Definition
| the phenotypic range of genotype influenced by the environment |
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Term
| What does it mean if a characteristic is multifactorial? |
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Definition
| genetic and environmental factors collectively influence the phenotype |
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Term
| Why are humans not good subjects for genetic research? |
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Definition
1. Generation time is too long
2. Parents produce relatively few offspring
3. Breeding experiments are unacceptable |
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Term
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Definition
| a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations |
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Term
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Definition
| heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal |
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Term
| What is Consanguineous mating? |
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Definition
| matings between close relatives |
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Term
| What is the problem with consanguineous mating? |
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Definition
| it increases the chance of mating between two carriers of the same rare allele |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common lethal genetic disease in the U.S. |
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Term
| What is Huntington's disease? |
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Definition
| a degnerative disease of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested |
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Term
| What is chorionic villus sampling (CVS)? |
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Definition
| when a sample of the placenta is removed and tested |
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Term
| What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? |
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Definition
states that
1. Mendelian genes have specific lci on chromosomes
2. Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many copies does a female need to have in order to express a recessive sex-linked trait? |
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Definition
| They need to have 2 copies of the recessive allele |
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Term
| How many copies does a male need to have in order to express a recessive sex-linked trait? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are sex-linked recessive disorders much more common in males than in females? |
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Definition
| because the sex-linked trait is on the X chromosome and the females have to have 2 copies of the allele while males only have to have one because they only have one X chromosome |
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Term
| What is a sex-linked gene? |
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Definition
| a gene located on either chromosome, but usually refers to a gene on the larger X chromosome |
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Term
| What are 3 disorders that are recessive sex-linked traits? |
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Definition
Color blindness
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Hemophilia |
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Term
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Definition
| the inactive X chromomsone condensed |
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Term
| When is one of two X chromosomes inactivated in mammalian females? |
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Definition
| during embryonic development |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that are located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together |
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Term
| Who did alot with discovering linkage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is genetic recombination? |
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Definition
| the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring with nonparental phenotypes |
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Term
| At what frequency of recombination is a trait usually considered non linked? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome |
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Term
| What is the relationship between the distance on the genetic map and the probability of crossing over? |
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Definition
| The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that a cross over will occur between them = a higher recombination frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance between genes |
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Term
| What are Cytogenetic maps? |
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Definition
| indicate the positions of genes with respect to chromosomal features |
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Term
| What happens when a Large-scale chromosomal altercation occurs? |
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Definition
| a spontaneous abortion or a variety of developmental disorders |
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Term
| What is a nondisjunction? |
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Definition
| pairs of homologous chromosomes that do not separate normally during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosomal condition in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number |
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Term
| What is a monosomic zygote? |
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Definition
| has only one copy of a particular chromosome |
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Term
| What is a trisomic zygote? |
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Definition
| has three copies of a particular chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which an organism has more that two complete sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| When an organism has an extra chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation that removes a chromosomal segment |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation that repeats a segment |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation that reverses a segment within a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation that moves a segment from one chromosome to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition where the organism has three sets of chromsomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition where the organism has four sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| an aneuploid condition that results from three copies of chromosome 21 |
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Term
| What is genomic imprinting? |
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Definition
| variation in the phenotype that depends on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits |
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Term
| Why are extranuclear genes inherited from the mother? |
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Definition
| because the zygote's cytoplasm comes from the egg |
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