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| an optical instrument that bends light to magnify images of specimens not finer than .2 micrometers |
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| anything suspended in the cytosol of a cell |
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| 1000x stronger than LM, usese magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a dead specimen |
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| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) |
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| used to study the fine details of cell surfaces |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
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| used to study the internal ultrastructure of thin sections of cells |
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| semifluid portion of cytoplasm |
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| true nucleus (membrane enclosed organelles and nucleus) |
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| not a true nucleus (no membrane enclosed organelles and nucleus) |
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| dense region of DNA in a Prokaryotic organism |
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| evreything inside the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus |
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| The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier by regulating the cells chemical composition (2x layer of phospholipids w enzymes) |
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| includes the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin; contains chromosomes |
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| 2x membrane (bilipid) that encloses the nucleus, has pores, continues into ER |
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| complex of DNA and proteins |
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| prominent area inside the nucleus, where rRNA is synthesized, ribosmal sub units are assembled (1+ per nucleus) |
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| complexes that carry out protein synthesis (made of rRNA and proteins) |
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includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles
collection of membranes inside and around E Cell, related by contact or transport |
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| A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm |
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| network of membranes that account for more than 1/2 membrane is E cell, smooth and rough |
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| no ribosomes attached, synthesizes lipids, CA(2+) storage, detox |
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| ribosomes attached, aids in synthesis of proteins from bound ribosomes, carbs--> glycoproteins, produces new membrane (loses some n vesicle transport) |
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| proteins with covalent carbs bonded to them |
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| A tiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm that carrys molecules produced by the cell |
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| modification of proteins, carbs on carbs on phospholipids & proteins, synthesis of polysaccherides, sorting, release to vesicles |
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| breaks down ingested substances/macromolecules/damaged organelles VIA phagocytosis & autophagy |
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| food vacoule fuses w/ lysosome, and lysosomes enzymes break it down |
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| digestion, storage, waste disposal,cell growth, and protection (substance inside is called cell sap) |
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| convert solar energy into chemical energy, PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
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| has enzymes that transfer H -> water, MAKES H2O2=waste -> peroxisome then breaks down H2O2 int H2O |
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| inner, convoluted membrane of mitochondira |
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| first intermediate membrane between inner and outer membrane |
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| includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (only in photosynthetic organisms) |
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| A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast, contain machinery that convert light energy to chemical energy |
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| stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast, function in the rxns of photosynthesis |
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| liquid around thykaloids, involved in synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O, contain DNA of clroplast |
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| A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions |
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| a protein that interacts with the cytoskeletan and other cell components, moving the cell or pats of it (flagella and cilium) |
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| has 2 centrioles, is important in organizing cells in order to divide |
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| 9+0 pattern, cylinder of microtubial triplets |
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| specialized for motion, snake-like, long, core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane |
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| contains microtubials, work like oars, 9+2 structure, |
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| cellular extension of a cell that is used in moving and feeding |
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| Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells (prodcues pseudopodium) |
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| extracellular strcuture of plant cells that distinguishes plant from animal cells |
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| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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| The substance in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells |
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| most abundant glycoprtein in ECM, form strong fibers outside the cells |
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| Transmembrance receptor protein that interconnects ECM & cytoskeletan |
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| An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect the adjacent cells |
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| Prokaryotes VS. Eukaryotes (in common) |
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| DNA, plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytosol |
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| in 1665 observed first cells (bark of an oak tree) |
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| the study of cell structure |
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| carry genes in form of DNA |
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| more cells, not bigger ones |
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| synthesized in nucleolus, instructions for DNA, LARGE + SMALL SUBUNITES= RNA, |
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| directs protein production synthesis, carry out instrcutions, BUILD POLYPEPTIDES |
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free- suspended in cytosol
bound- in ER, etc. |
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| high rates of protein synthesis!! |
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| central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata, clorophyll |
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| lysosome, centrosome, flagella, microvilli |
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| when a lysosome digests a damaged organelle |
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| creates ATP from sugars, fats etc., and O2 |
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| substance made of 2 units |
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