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Definition
| a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
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| substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
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| elements of which an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce |
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| required by an organism in only minute quantities |
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| the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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Definition
| located in the atomic nucleus;electrically neutral |
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| located in the atomic nucleus; has a positive charge |
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| surrounding the nucleus in electron shells; has a negative charge |
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| the center of an atom where protons and neutrons are located |
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| a unit of measurement which we weigh atoms and subatomic particles with |
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| number of protons; unique to each element |
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| the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (just an approximation) |
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| the total mass of an atom |
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| the different forms of the same element |
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| Radioactive Isotope (2.2) |
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Definition
| isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy |
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Definition
| defined as the capacity to cause change by doing work |
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| the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure |
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Definition
| the electrons on the outermost shell of an atom |
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Definition
| the outermost electron shell |
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Definition
| three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time |
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Definition
| the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
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Definition
| two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond |
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Definition
| the bonding capacity of an atom; usually equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's valence shell |
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Definition
| the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond; |
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Term
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond (2.3) |
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Definition
| covalent bond between two of the same atoms/same electronegativites; electrons are shared equally |
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Term
| Polar Covalent Bonds (2.4) |
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Definition
| When one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom; electrons are shared unequally |
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Definition
| a charged atom (or molecule); creates an ionic bond |
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| the attraction between cations and anions |
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| Ionic Compounds/Salts (2.3) |
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Definition
| compounds that are formed by ionic bonds |
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Definition
| the noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom; INTERmolecular; individually weak |
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| van der Walls interactions |
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Definition
| ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another; individually weak; occurs only when atoms are really lose together |
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Definition
| the starting materials in a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| the outcome of a chemical reaction |
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| Chemical Equilibrium (2.4) |
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Definition
| the point at which the reactions offset one another exactly; the concentrations have stabilized at a particular ratio |
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Definition
| the overall charge is unevenly distributed between the atoms |
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Definition
| when hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together |
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Definition
| the clinging of one substance to another |
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| a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
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Definition
| the measure of the matter's total kinetic energy due to motion of its molecules |
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| a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules |
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| the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius |
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| Heat of Vaporization (3.2) |
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Definition
| the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state |
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| Evaporative Cooling (3.2) |
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Definition
| as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down; due to the fact that the hottest molecules are most likely to leave as gas |
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| mixture of two or more substances |
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Definition
| the dissolving agent of a solution |
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| the substance that is dissolved |
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| a solution in which water is the solvent |
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| the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion |
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Definition
| any substance that has an affinity for water |
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Definition
| a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid; when the molecules are so large that they cannot dissolve |
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| substances that repel water |
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| the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule |
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Definition
| represents the Avogador's number in reference to measuring substances |
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Definition
| the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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Definition
| a single proton with a charge of 1+ |
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Definition
| a single proton with a charge of 1- |
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Definition
| when a proton binds to the other water molecule |
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Definition
| a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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Definition
| a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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Definition
| the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration |
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Definition
| a substance that minimizes changes in concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution |
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| Ocean Acidification (3.3) |
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Definition
| when CO2 dissolves in seawater and reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH |
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Definition
| refers to reain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.2 |
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| organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
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Definition
| compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties |
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Definition
| differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
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Definition
| differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds |
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Definition
| mirror images of each other; differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon |
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Definition
| A carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms |
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Definition
| chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions; hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydrate, phosphate, and methyl |
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